TONG QUAN CAC NGHIEN CLJU
VE HIEU THAO
Bai Viet la mdt phan ket qua nghien ciru cija de tai cap Bd nam 2017 - 2018: Tte/ (fo
cua thanh nien doi vdi ngirdi gia va moi quan he ciia to vdt dng ba-. Vien Tam ly hoc
chd tri; PGS.TS. Le Van Hao lam chO nhiem.
ThS. Mai Van H5i

Vien Tdm ly hpc.

T 6 M TAT
Bdi viit ndy nhdm ldm ro npi dung cua mpt si nghien ciiu ve hieu thdo. Thdng
qua phuang phdp nghien cim tdi lieu, bdi viit chi ra 4 nhom npi dung nghien cim ve
hiiu thdo hien nay, do Id- I) hudng nghien dm ldm ro npi ham vd biiu hien cua hieu
thdo (hiiu thdo Id npi dung quan trpng trong mil quan he giiia ong bd, cha me vdi con
cdi thi hien a su kinh trpng, vdng Idi vd chdm soc, phung dudng cha me, dng bd):
2) hudng nghien cuu khdng dinh gid tri, y nghia ciia hieu thdo vdi cupc sdng (hieu thd
Id gid tri quan trpng trong cdc gid tri gia dinh, cd tdc dpng tich cite tdi site khde tdm
thdn cdng nhu su hdi long vdi cupc song cita nguoi cao tuoi): 3} hudng nghien ciiu ch
ra nhiing thay doi cda hieu thdo trong thuc tien cupc song (cha me gid tu chii, dpc la
han ve kinh te, su quan tdm cua con cdi vai cha me the hien a su lien lac, thdu cdm
nhieu han la hd.tra ve vdt chdt, nguai cao tuoi la nhdm de roi vdo co dan); 4) hudng
nghien eitu so sdnh giUa cdc the hS, quoc gia, niem tin vd thuc te... vi hiiu thdo. Tit k
qud tong quan, bdi bdo gaiy mpt so npi dung cho nghien dm tiep theo.

Tir khoa: Hieu thdo: Nghien dm ve hieu thdo.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 4/9/2018; Ngdy duyet dang bdi- 25/4/2019.
1. Md dau
Trong cac mdi quan bp gia dinh d Viet Nam va mdt sd qudc gia trong
khu vyc Ddng A (Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc...), hiiu thao dupe cpi
nhu mdt "dap" - dap hilii - va la mdt trong nhung gia tri quan trpng va thieng
lieng bac nhit ddi vdi mdi ngudi. Dda tre ngay tii khi sinh ra da dupe day vl

"cdng cha", "nghia me" va lam "trdn chu bilu mdi la dao cpn". Mdt si nha
nghien cim trong nude da khing djnh bilu thao la ndi dung quan trpng eua
Nhp giao - he tu tudng cd anh hudng sau dam tdi Viet Nam. Phan Ngpc (2004)
chp ring, "khdng mdt diu vlt nap cua van hda Viet Nam ma khdng mang mdt
bilu hien cd thi xem la ed tinh chit Nho giao" (din theo Le Van Hao 20161

72

TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd 5 (242), 5-2019


Tuy vay, hieu thao dudng nhu la ehil dl chua duoc nghien eiiu nhilu so
vdi cac phu de khac thudc ITnh vyc gia djnh, ngay ca tai cac nude A Ddng. Mat
khae, de cd the tien hanh nghien cira vl bilu thao trong cac mdi quan he gia
dinh mpt each chinh xac va diy dli, tilp ndi va bd sung cho nhung ndi dung
cdn chua duae lam sang to thi viec tiln hanh danh gia tdng quan cac nghien
cira trong va ngpai nude vl bilu thao la cin thilt. Chinh vi vay, bai bap nay se
tap trang danh gia cac nghien ciiu da cdng bd vl ldng bilu thap tren nhilu khia
canh khac nhaii cua cudc sdng nhim chi ra nhung ndi dung da dupe quan tam
tim hieu va khing djnh ket qua khoa hpc, nhiing ndi dung cin tilp tuc nghien
cira dl hiiu sau ban chit ciing nhu thuc tiln sinh dpng cua chii "hiiu" trong
ddi sdng hang ngay.
2. Phycng phap nghien ciiu
Nghien cuu dupe tbyc hien bing phuong phap tdng quan tai lieu. DO
lieu dupe tim kilm, lya chpn gdm saeh, tap chi khoa hpc (ca ban in va ban di$n
hi). Cac bai bao dien tu dupe tim tren ea sd dii lieu tin cay cua google scholar,
researchgate va EBSCOhost. Tir khda tim kilm tai lieu gdm cac thuat ngit:
"hieu thao", "nghien ciiu ve hieu thao", "filial piety" va "study of filial piety".
Tieu cbl lua chpn la eae bai bap khpa hpc, ban diy du, trpng dd cd trinh
bay phuong phap nghien ciiu de xac djnh chit lupng cua bai bap, nlu la cac bai

tap chi nude ngpai thi chi chpn ngdn ngO tieng Anh, mdt ngdn ngii phd biln
hiSn nay va nghien eitu trong ITnh vyc tam ly hpc.
Ket qua la da tim dupe 21 bai ed ndi dung lien quan den chil de, trong
do cd 5 bai bang fieng Viet va 16 bai tieng Anh.
Cac bai bao nay dupe tdm tat vdi cac ndi dung ca ban: cac thdng tin dinh
danh (ten tae gia, ten bai, ten tap chi, nam xuat ban); phuang phap nghien cuu;
npi dung/ket qua nghien cira chinh va ghi chu. Dya vap ban tdm tit, nhung ma
npi dung chinh ve bilu thao dupe phat hien gdm 4 nhdm nhu sau: 1. Nhdm ndi
dung phan anh ban chit khai niem, bieu hien eua hiiu thao. DSy la nhdm ndi
dung rd net nhat, hiu hit cac tai lieu dupe lua chpn deu de cap den; 2. Nhdm ndi
dung khing djnh y nghia, gia tri tich eye ciia hieu thao trpng ddi sdng va eae
mdi quan he gia dinh, 7/21 tai lieu dl cap den ndi dung nay; 3. Nhdm ndi dung
dl cap din nhitng thay doi, bilu hien eua hiiu thao trong tbyc tiln phat triln xa
hdi, 3/21 tai lidu dl cap ndi dung nay; 4. Nhdm ndi dung tbi hien sy so saiih
hieu thao giOa cac thi he, eae qudc gia khac nhau, 7/21 tai lieu de cap den
nhdm nay. Trong qua trinh phan tich tilp theo, tae gia quay trd lai cac bai bao,
chuong saeh va dung bd ma nay dl tim kilm cac dO lieu cu the.

TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, 86 5 (242), 5 - 2019

'73


3. Ket qua nghien cuu
3.1. Nhirng nghien cuu Idm ro nguSn gdc, npi ham vd biiu hien cua
hieu thdo
Ve nguon gdc
Nhilu nghien cdu da khing djnh hiiu thao la mdt phin cua tu tuim|
Khdng giao xuit phat tu Trung QuIc va lan Ida sang cac nudc/vung lanh tho
chau A khac nhu Dai Loan, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc va cac nude khu vyc Dong

Nam A. Dao bilu gin bd vdi gia tri tap thi trong xa hdi, noi eae ca nhan co
mdi quan be chat che; sy hda thuan la mdt gia trj quan trpng va muc tieu ca
nhan phai gin bd, tae ddng tdi muc ticu cua ea nhdm (Triandis, 1989, 2001;
din theo Kanti va cdng su, 2017). Hiiu thao la mdt khai niem cua Khdng giao
quy dinh thai dp va hanh vi eua thi he tre ddi vdi cha me phai theo khudn phep
(Peizhen Sun va cdng sy, 2016).
Trong qua trinh nghien cdu ting quan tai lieu, chung tdi nhati thay, hieu
thao cdn dupe nhin nhan nhu mdt gia tri phd quat, tin tai d nhilu niti van hda,
nhilu tu tudng tdn giao khac nhau. Gary G. Hamilton (1990) cho ring: "Cac
khai niem phu he, thua kl va bilu thao (patriarchy, patrimonialism and filial
piety) khdng phai xuat phat tit cac nghien eiiu eua Trang Qudc. Ca ba khai niem
nay cd ngudn gdc La-tinh va Hy Lap, de cap den dac diem cua van hda vung Dja
Trang Hai, nd trd thanh khai niem khoa hpc trpng cac phan tich van hda phuang
Tay va cac nha Han hpe da vay mupn cac thuat ngir nay" (Hamilton, 1990, tr. 78).
Tdn kinh cha me eung la mpt trong mudi dieu ran trpng dao Dp Thai, sau dd nd
tiep tuc dupe tilp ndi trong Kinh Tan ude: "Tdn kinh cha me cd thi giup ban
sdng Iau hon va khdng vang Idi cha me la mpt tdi Idn" (ipedia.
org/wiki/Honour thy father and thy mother). Tdm lai, mpt vai nghien eiiu tren
cho ta thay cai nhin rpng md va da chieu hem ve dap bilu mac du viec dua ra kit
luan se la vdi vang; ddng thdi hudng nghien cuu nay la nhirng gpi y cho viee
tiep tyc cd nhiing nghien ciiu sau hon ve hieu thao nhu mdt gia trj phd quat trong
qua trinh phat trien cua nhan loai.
Ve quan niem vd bieu hien
Hiiu thao quy djnh trach nhiem cua cac thanh vien trong gia dinh nhu
trach nhiem cua cha me la phai nudi ning, day dd con cai eho din khi chung
Uudng thanh. Va khi trudng thanh, bdn phan cua con cai la phai cham sde kinh
trpng cha me minh. Hiiu thao thi bien d viec cpn chau phai cd trach tib"
cham sde va kinh trpng cha me, dng ba (Hwang, 1999). Dilu nay da biln th'^'b
nilm tin, gia trj quan trpng d nhilu qudc gia (Chung, 2003; Kanti, 2017)
^

Nghien cuu vl hiiu thae d Viet Nam va Han Qudc, Duong Thi Nh t A
va Gyesook Yoo eho ring, trong xa hdi Viet Nam, tu xa xua bilu thao Iu"'' d
74

TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd 5 (242) 5
2019


danh gia eao, la tieu chuSn cao nhit dl dupe cpi la ngudi con ngpan, la CP sd
nIn tang cua su nhan due d eon ngudi. Hiiu thao la phai kinh hong va hd hp,
cham sde cha me, dng ba mpt each tan tuy trpng cupc sdng hang ngay. Khi cha
me lam dieu chua dung, con cai phai tim each thuylt phuc mdt each dung din va
ll phep. Ldng bilu thap cua cpn cai khdng chi thi hien khi cita me cdn sdng ma
cdn thi hien ca khi cha me, dng ba da qua ddi, nhu phai td chdc tang ll, thd
cling cha me, td tienthat chu dao. Ngudi con khdng thuc hien tdt nhirng viec nay
bj coi la bit hiiu. d Han Qudc, bilu thao, trong tilng Han Qudc la "hyodo",
dupe djnh nghia nhu su phye vu, hp trp cha me va dp la trach nhiem ty nhien
ciia con ngudi (Duong Thi Nhat Anh va Gyesook Yoo, 2016).
Dao hieu la mdt nguyen tae dao due quan trpng, la cit Idi cua luan ly gia
dinh, nhin manh vao nghia vu, sy hy sinh, phuc tiing eua cpn cai vdi cha me,
dng ba, td tien (Le Ngpc Van, 2011, tr. 103). Hieu dl la gdc cua dap due con
ngudi, da hieu va de thi cac due khac eung deu ed dupe khdng chi trpng gia dinh
ma ca ngoai xa hdi. Con ngudi hieu dl la lam vira ldng cha me, khdng nlian xet,
danh gia hanh vi cha me, phung sy cha me luc sdng eung nhu luc qua ddi, bilu
cdn thi hien d viec lam cha me vinh hiln, ty hao, khdng lam tin hai thanh danh
gia dinh, hiiu la phai sinh con dl ndi ddi... (Le Ngpc Van, 2011, tr. 153). Ndi
ham cua nd la nhiing yeu cau cho ca con trai va con gai trong viec kinh trpng,
giiip do va cham sde cha me gia, phyng dudng cha me gia khdng chi vat chat ma
ca tinh than, cd bdn phan phai lo ma chay, thd eung td tien chu dao (Ho, Xie,
Liang va Zeng, 2012 - din theo Peizhen Sun va cdng sy, 2016).

Nhu vay, dilm qua mdt sd nghien ctiu tren, cd the thay, bilu thao la
khia canh quan trpng trong mdi quan giiia cac the he trpng gia dinh, Iii mdt gia
tri phd bien trong cac nen van hda, dam bao sy phat trien ben vung trong gia
dinh qua eae thi he khae nhau. Dao hieu dupe bilu hien rd net va sau dam d
cac nude chSu A tir sy kinh trpng, yeu quy, cham sde cha me, dng ba den trach
nhiem giOa cac thi he vdi nhau, la tieu cbuan dap due, la yeu td tam linh the
hien trong bin phan thd ciing, huong khdi chu dao cho dng ba, td tien. Viec
lam rd ndi ham ciia khai niSm hiiu thap ciing la co sd dl tiep tuc xem xet, danh
gia cac npi dung, hudng nghien eiiu tiep thep.
3.2. Nhirng nghiin ciru khdng dinh y nghia, niem tin doi v&i gid tri
eia hiiu thao
Cdc nghien eitu khdng dinh hiiu thdo la gid tri quan trpng, co thu hang
cao trong cdc gid tri gia dinh
Nghidn curu vl mdi quan he giira cha me va con cai ngudi Viet Nam dang
sing d iiude ngoai, Mai Van Hai (2016) da khing ditih, trong sd 11 menh dl
(item) vl cac bilu hien mdi quan he nay, 2 item cd kit qua cao nhdt (thang 5
mirc dp) diu la nhiing ndi dung lien quan din dao bilu, gdm: "Hiiu thap, cham
TAP CHi TAMLy HOC, Sd 5 (242), 5-2019

75


sde cha me la bdn phan cua con cai, dilu dd khdng thi thay ddi" (DTB 4 46)
va "Con cai phai kinh trong, biit on cha me" (DTB = 4,71). Nhu vay, dti hieu
thao chi la mdt trong nhieu gia tri gia dinh trayen thdng ma tae gia quan tam so
sanh giua hai nhdm khach tbi sdng trong va ngoai nude, nhung gia tri hieu
thao ludn dupe khing dinh rd net, dupe danh gia cao d ca bat nhdm.
Qua viee khao sat 200 gia dinh d Ha Ndi, tae gia Ngd Tuin Dung (1996)
cho ring, hong 5 djnh hudng giao due con (cd van hda eao, cd nghe nghi?p
chuyen mdn, cd bilu vdi bd me, dng ba, lam ra nhilu tien va cd dja vi xa hpi)^thi

"ed bilu vdi bd me, dng ba" cd ty le dupe cac gia dinh ling hd ego nhdt (96,2%).
Mdt khap sat khac eua Nguyin Phuang Thao (1996) vl nguyen nhan nhat thiet
phai cd con hai cho bill, ed hai ly do ea ban la "cd ngudi nuang tya luc tadt gia"
(72,3%) va "cd ngudi ndi doi, thd cilng" (53,2%) diu lien quan din hieu thao.
Le Van Hao (2014) da nghien cira vl bilu thao va kit qua cho thay, cac
bae cha me diu muln con minh phai cd tinh ddc lap nhung eung phai vang Idi
cha me va nhiing ngudi Idn khae. Tuy nhien, "tre em phai vang Idi cha me va
ngudi Idn khae" dupe danh gia cap han rit nhilu SP vdi "cin khuyen khich con
ed tinh ddc lap". Ty \k sd ngudi dng hd/ddng y vdi quan dilm tre "phai vang Idi"
(87,5%i) cao ban so vdi "tinh ddc lap" (68,4%) tdi 20%. Tilp tuc nghien ciiu vl
bdn phan hieu thao cua con vdi cha me, Le Van Hao (2016) chi ra ca hai nhdm
cha me va con deu danh gia cao nhat la sy "kinh trpng" (DTB = 4,88/5) va thap
nhat la "vang Idi" (DTB = 4,07) trpng 6 bieu hien hieu thao (bao gdm cham sde,
giup dd tai chinh, kinh trpng, vang Idi, lam cho cha me vui long va duy tri quan
he giao tiep). Nhu vay, cd the thay, thanh thieu nien van ludn kinh trpng cha me
minh nhung dieu dp khdng cd nghia lit bp phai vang Idi, hp cd thi dpc lap han
trpng ta duy va hanh ddng cua minh.
Cdc nghien eitu khdng dinh gid tri tich cue dig hiiu thdo quo su ky vpng,
sue khde tdm thdn, sit hdi ldng vai cupc song
Dahua Wang va cdng su (2010) da tim bilu vl mirc dp ky vpng vl bin
phan hieu thao cua ngudi tre vdi ngudi gia tai Trung Qudc. Kit qua chi ra dii
ngudi gia khac nhau ve tadi tae, gidi tinh, trinh dp hpc vin, vung sinh sdng
nhung khdng khac nhau vl sy ky vpng bilu thap d thi he tre. Mdi quan he tae
ddng tich eye eua bilu thao vdi sy bai ldng trong cudc sdng eung dupe Peizhen
va cdng sy chi ra trong nghien cuu tren sinh vien tai Trang Qudc. Bing eae
thang do vl bilu thao (filial piety scale), thang do vl su hai hda trong mdi quan
he lien ca nhan (Interpersonal Relationship Harmony Scale) va thang do vl su hai
Idng vdi cupc sdng (satisfaction with life scale), cac lac gia edn chi ra mdi lien he
giua hieu thao va sy hai Idng thdng qua cac mdi quan he hda thuan trong aia
dinh (Peizhen va cdng sy, 2016).

^

76

TAP CHiTAM Ly HOC, Sd 5 (242), 5-2019


Dao hieu khdng chi dupe xem xet trong moi quan he vdi sy hai ldng
trong cupc sdng ma cdn dupe xem xet tren binh dien siic khde tam thin ctia
ngudi cao tadi Trang Qudc dang sdng tai Chicago (My). Mengting Li va epng
su (2018) da xem xet dap bilu tir cac khia canh nhu: sy danh gia, tdn trpng,
hanh phiic, cham sde, tjhao ddn, vang Idi va hd trp tai chinh. Kit qua ctia
nghien ciiu nay chi ra ring, nhung ngudi cd dilm sd nhan dupe thip ban vl
hiiufliaothi nguy co tang len vl cac trieu chung trim cam.
Chou Fan H. va cdng sy (2018) da tiln hanh danh gia ting quan cac
nghien cim mdi quan he giiia bilu thap vdi tram cam d ngudi eao tudi. Tren co
sd xem xet danh gia 8 nghien curu ve mli quan he ndi tren, cac tae gia chi ra
hieu thao cd mdi quan he km tinh vdi tram cam d ngudi cao tudi, ndi each
khac, Idng hieu thao d eon chau dupe ngudi cao tudi tiep nhan, tri giac ed tae
dung lam giam tram cam d ngudi eao tadi.
Nghien ciru ve hgn che cim hieu thdo
Tren quan dilm khach quan khoa hpc, ben canh nhiing gia trj to Idn cua
hiiu thap trpng viec dieu chinh hanh vi, gin bd, cham sde lan nhau giiia cac tbi
he, vSn ed nhtrng quan diem chi ra mat ban che cua quan niem ve hieu thao.
Mat tich eye, hieu thap cd thi tang cudng gian tiep giira cac the he va vi the cd
tae ddng tich eye den hanh phuc ciia hp (Liu Ng., Weatherall va Loong, 2000).
Tuy nhien, hieu thao lam giam sy linh boat ciia nhan thuc, ban che sy ty the
Men Cling nhu gay trd ngai sy phat triln ca nhan (Ho, 1996); hieu thao khien
con ngudi trd nen ngoan ngoan, phuc tung (Yeh va Bedford, 2003) (din theo
Peizhen Sun, 2016).

Tdm lai, cac nghien ciiu ndi tren da cd nhiing danh gia khach quan,
nhilu chilu ca tich cue va tieu eye, cati%ictilpva gian tiep ve dao hieu va nhin
chung diu nhin manh, khing djnh gia tij to Idn eua hiiu thao trong cac mdi
quan h$ gia dinh. Dilu dd da dupe cac nghien eiiu khing djnh rd net va nhin
chung, bilu thao vin ludn la gia tij dao ddc, nilm tin quan trpng ti-png xa hdi,
dac biet la d Viet Nam va cac nude chju anh hudng cua Nhp giao. Cac ndi
dung ndi tren da cho thiy dupe ban chit, bilu hien cOng nhu gia trj to ldm ctia
dao hiiu ddi vdi cac mdi quan he ca nhan eung nhu cac mdi quan he trong gia
dinh. Viec Iam ro cac npi dung ca ban nay la co sd nIn tang dl bai bao tiep tuc
xem xet, danh gia bilu hien eua hiiu thao trong thuc tiln van ddng khdng
ngimg cua xa hdi.
3.3. Nhang nghien ciru chi ra nhUng thay ddi, bieu hien eia hieu
thao trong thirc tien cupc song
Hiiu thao, mpt net dac trung van hda da lac ddng sau sic den niem tin
va ung xii ctia cpn ngudi phuang Ddng va eung cd sy thay ddi nhu cac gia trj
van hda, dap diic khac.
TAP CHI'TAM Ly HOC, Sd 5 (242), 5-2019

77


Nghien eitu tai Trung Qudc: Trong chuong saeh de cap den nhung g
gia sdng mdt minh d ndng thdn Trnng Qudc, Hong Zhang (2004) ™^" ' ^j
theo sd lieu thdng kd tren binh dien qudc gia, ngay cangcd nhieu ban g
gia sdng tach biet vdi con cai vdi ty le tu 30 - 50% (dan theo Chen, i^ ,
Goldstein, Ku va Ikels, 1990; Gui, 1988; Jia, 1988; Shi, 1994; Utiger, m^h
Hien luong nay din din hai each nhin khac nhau, ti-ong khi mdt so n^""' ,
ring hien tuong nay la su sup dd cua dao bilu truyen thdng tbi quan dietn Knac
lai eho ring, dd la su thay ddi tich eye trong cac mdi quan he gia dinh tneo
hudng ngay cang dan chu bon (Guo, 1997; Xu, 1996; Yan, 1997). Hi?n Wpmg

nay dupe ly giai d gdc dp kinh tl nhu qua tiinh phat trien cua dd thj hpa thuc
diy con cai cua ngudi cao tuoi tim din cac vung dd thi de lam viec vdt thu
nhap cao ban khiin ngudi gia phai sdng mdt minh (Leung, 1997; Wet, 1997);
mat khac, ddng co quan trpng thuc diy ngudi gia sdng mpt minh la ban than hp
eung cam thiy hp ed thi ty lp chp minh dupe (Aimei Jia, 1988);_ben canh do,
sdng trong hd gia dinh vdi ba tbi he khiin ngudi gia qua cang thang, sdng mpt
minh hp cam thiy ty dp ban (khdng phai lo cho chau, giiip da con lam kinh te,
khiu vj khac nhau giua ngudi gia va ngudi tre tihu ngudi gia phai an thiic an
mIm...). COng qua nghidn eitu nay, tae gia nhan manh rang, ly thuc diy ngudi gia sdng mdt minh la dl cd cudc sdng ddc lap ve tai chinh.
Ngudi gia tham gia vao dl tai nghien cuu cho rang, hp hiu nhu khdng cd
nguon tilt kiem, vi vay mpi chi phi chp viec tham hdi hp hang, tham kham siic
khde hoac boat ddng giai tri... deu phai nhd cay vao con trai, con dau va khi
ngudi gia yeu cau, hp cd the hi con chau tir ehdi bd trp. Chinh vi vay, chpn
each sdng ddc lap, hp ed the tu chu ve tai chinh va cupc sdng cua minh (Hong
Zhang, chuong 4, tr. 13, Charlotte Ikels chu bien).
Nghien eitu tai Han Quoc: Nghien cuu gan day dupe tien hanh tai Han
Qudc khang djnh nhung thay ddi rd net eua hieu thap cdng vdi sy thay ddi cua
gia dinh va xa hdi. Bdi nhiing uu the cua gia dinh hat nhan ma ty le gia dinh
trayen thing nhilu the be gdm dng ba - con - chau da giam xuong dudi 10%
(Statistics Korea, 2005). Nhirng thay ddi trong ciu true gia dinh, mirc sdng djt
dd, chi phi cho nha cua, giao due da tao nen ganh nang eho thi he tre Han
Qudc va dieu dd khien cho cha me gia ciing khd cd kha nang trdng cay vao con
minh trong viec cham sde hp. Khai niem bilu thao va cham sde vd dilu kien
chp cha me da thay ddi trpng xa hdi Han Qudc. ThI he tre Han Qudc thi hiin
Idng hieu thao bing sy quan tam sau sac, thiu cam, lien lac vdi cha me nhiiu
hem la nhang hd trp vl vat chit (din thep Duong Thi Nliat Anh va Gyesook
Yoo, 2016).
Nghien ctiu tgi Nhdt Bdn: Brenda Robb Jenike tap trung tim bilu
tbyc hien bdn phan hieu thao vdi ngudi gia la cy (great-grandparent) tron viec

dinh d Nhat Ban. Sy tang len nhanh cbdng cua tudi thp d Nhat Ban tr
^'^
78

TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd 5 (242), 5 _ 2019


thap ni6n gan Siy khien cho thi he gia nhit trpng gia dinh khdng phai la dng
ba (grandparent) ma cdn cd ca thi he trudc dd, dupe gpi la cu (greatgrandparent). Tinh trang binh, taoi thp cua ngudi Nhat Ban da tang tir 50 sau
Chiln ti-anh ThI gidi Thii hai tang len 77,2 vdi nam va 84 vdi nu (Koseisho,
1996). Nhtrng tieu chuin dao bilu dat trach nhiem cham soc ngudi gia trade
hit len cac thanh vien ti-ong gia dinh. Ben canh dd, Chinh phu Nhat Ban cQng
cd nhdng chuong h-inh cham soc danh cho ngudi gia, vi du nhu chuong tiinh
Gold Plan vao nam 1989; tuy nhien, nhiing chuomg trinh nay chit ylu la cham
soc ve mat siic khde the chat cho cac cu, trong khi dd, vl mat tinh cam, tam ly,
su tham gia cham soc ctia thanh vien trong gia dinh vin ddng vai trd quan
trpng. Tuy vay, ti-en thye tl, ngudi gia tren 85 tudi vin la nhdm cd don ttong
xa hdi Nhat Ban (Brenda Robb Jenike, chuong 11, tr. 242, Chariotte Ikels chu
bien).
Nhu vay, thdng qua mpt sd nghien cuu vl bilu thao d cac nude Ddng A
noi tien, cd thi thiy, tuy vao dac thu dieu kien phat triln kinh tl xa hdi ma viee
thuc hien ldng hieu thao cd nhdng bilu hien khac nhau va nhin chung, hiiu
thao dit vin dupe ti-an trpng nhtmg nghieng han vl su quan tam, tham hdi ban
la hd trp vat chat. Trpng dieu kiSn con cai phai ra thanh phd dl tim kilm viec
lam, khdng cd dieu kien cham sde cha me gia day du hoac cha me gia khdng
mudn phu thudc vao con cai, hp hpan tpan cd thi tim Idi sdng ddc lap, ty lo
cho cudc sdng cua minh. Ve phia con cai, hp cd cupc sdng cua rieng minh vdi
ganh nang ve nha cira, chi phi sinh haat... khien hp cilng thi hien Idng hieu
thap bing su quan tam, lien lac hdi tham nhilu hem la "phyng dudng" td gdc
dd hd trp vat chat. 6 xa hdi ed mdc sdng va tudi thp cao nhu Nhat Ban, sy cd

don cua ngudi cao tudi dudng nhu lai bieu hien rd net hon. Rd rang, so vdi
quan nidm va bilu hien cua bilu thao nhu tren, mdt sl nghien ciiu d Trang
Qudc, Han QuIc, Nhat Ban da chi ra nhOng thay ddi Idn trpng viec thye hien
long hiiu thap giQa cac thi he. Charlptte Ikels khi nghien ciiu vl bilu thae cdn
cho ring: (3 gdc nhin khai quat ban, mdt sd nha nghien ciiu cho rang, eau tnic
gia dinh d cac nude chau A dang thay doi mdt each nhanh cbdng va vai trd cua
gia dinh trong viec hd trp ngudi cap tudi dang suy giam mdt each nhanh cbdng
do qua trinh nhap cu, do thj hda... (Hu, 1995; Martin, 1988, 1990; Mason^
1992). Tham cbl, theo Yow-Hwey Hu (1995), ngudi gia chau A hien nay rit de
bj tdn thuang trong dilu kien hp hoan loan phy thudc vap con cai" (dan theo
Chariotte Ikels, 2004, tr. 77).
3.4. Nhirng nghien ciru hiiu thao tir gdc nhin so sdnh
Tu viec xem xet mpt sd nghien ciru d cac phan tren, it nhieu chung ta da
thiy dupe tu gdc nhin so sanh van hda nhu gia trj hiiu thao ludn dupe danh gia
cao d nhung khach thi la ngudi Viet Nam du hp sdng va lam viec tai chau Au

TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd 5 (242), 5 - 2019

79


vdn dl cap cac gia tri ca nhan (Mai Van Hai, 2016). Trong mdi quan he hen
thi he, bilu thao cd till dupe khing dinh rd net,_ nhu mdt nilm tin vthig chae
giiia cac thi he, nhung each thuc bilu hien ed tbi khac nhau, kinh trpng nguai
cao tadi la dilu dupe khing dinh manh me, tuy nhien vang Idi khdng rd net
nhu kinh trpng (Le Van Hao, 2016). Cac ndi dung ndi tren eung da chi ra sy
van ddng va biln ddi d cac xa bdi Trang Qudc, Han Qudc, Nhat Ban, keo theo
sy thay dli cua ciu true, cac mdi quan he gia dinh d cac nude, eung nhu sy
thay dli cac gia trj van hda, trong dd cd dao hieu du nhiing niem tin, gia tri cua
dao bilu vin dupe Iran trpng, danh gia cap. Nhiing ket qua dd da eung cap cai

nhin da chilu, so sanh dupe gia trj va bilu hien eua hieu thao til nhieu gdc catih
van ddng va phat triln khae nhau. Dudi day, chung ta se tiep tuc xem xet bieu
hien eua hiiu thap trpng sy SP sanh giiia cac nhdm eung nhu cac the he.
(7 goe dp so sdnh giiia cdc nhom: Tren eo sd nghien cuu so sanh 3
nhdm khach thi la ngudi gia Scotland, ngudi gia Trung Quoc sdng tai Bac
Kinh va sdng tai Anh, Ken Laidlaw va epng sy (2010) nhan thay, ea hai'nhdm
ngudi gia Trung Qudc du la ngudi nhap cu hay khdng thi deu ed bieu hien ky
vpng long bilu thao cao hon nhdm ngudi gia Scotland. Nghien eiiu cila Kuang Y.
va ddng nghiep (2010) phat hien ra rang, xet theo mpi khia canh, sinh vien
Trang Qudc cd thai dp hieu thap cao ban sinh vien My mpt each dang ke. Bi
Su Liu va ddng nghiep (2011) khao sat ve hanh vi thye hanh hieu thao trong
gia dinh cd ba the he eung sdng da cho thay, nhiing tre dupe cham sde day du
trong giai doan tu 0 den 6 tudi cd bilu hien hiiu thao cao han nhdm khac. Tir
kit qua dd, nhdm tae gia chi ra sy can thilt phai eung cd gia trj bilu thao thdng
qua giao due nha trudng va cac rail quan he trong gia dinh. Han nita, chinh
saeh cua chinh phu ciing can phai khuyin khich nhilu hon nua hanh vi bilu
thao d thanh nien (Liu va cdng sy, 2011).
Ogoe dp so sdnh lien thi he: Trach nhiem cham sde ngudi cap moi, mpt
bilu hien cua ldng hiiu thao, dupe xem xet tren binh dien lien thi h^ d nhihtg
ngudi Jrang QuIc sdng tai Wellingtpn (New Zealand). Kit qua nghien ciru
tren mau chpn la hai thi he (thanh nien va trang nien) tai 100 gia dinh da chi ra
du cd khpang each dja ly rit Idn giQa New Zealand va Trang Qudc nhung bin
phan bilu thap vin dupe chip nhan manh me d ca hai nhdm gia va tre Nghien
eitu nay eung tiep tyc khing djnh bdn phan hiiu thao cd mdi quan he tich cue
vdi cam giac hanh phuc d cac khach thi (Jame H. Liu va cdng sy, 2000i
So sdnh tren binh dien quoc gia: Pinquart M. va cdng sy (20051
mdt nghien cuu tdng thuat 116 tai lieu vl sy khac biet trong viec cham s ™h^
mp gia va tbyc hanh bilu thap tai My da chi ra ring, nhiing ngudi Mv °'^" 1
thi hien hanh vi cham sde cha me nhilu hon so vdi ngudi da tring n ^ ° \
gdc Phi va gdc Tay Ban Nha, Bd Dao Nha. Duong Thi Nhat Anh va o'esMk

80

TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd 5 (242)

-2019


Yoo (2016) eung da nghien ctiu so sanh vl tae ddng cua hiiu thao ddi vdi ddng
CO lam cha me (dpng ca lam cha me (mptivatipn fpr parenthppd) dupe eae tae
gia djnh nghia nhu sy nudi ning eua cha me chp tre tu khi sinh ra din khi
trudng thanh) a hai nhdm sinh vien Viet Nam va Han Qudc. Trong nghien cira
nay cac tae gia cQng sti dung hai thang do vl Idng bilu thao (filial piety scale)
va thang do ve dpng co lam cha me (mptivatipns fpr parenthood scale) va
khing djnh nhdm sinh vien Viet Nam thi hien dilm sd cao ban d thang do
chung ve Idng hieu thao. Tuy vay, mdt nghien cu:u tren miu dai dien rpng Icm
hon, khdng chi vdi sinh vien ma vdi thanh nien ndi chung la cin thilt nhim bd
sung cho khoang trong ma cac nghien dm ndi tren cdn chua lam sang td.
4. Kit luan
Nhu vay, diem qua mpt sd cdng trinh nghien ciiu tren cd thi thiy bilu
thao la mdt ttong nhung gia ttj quan trpng trpng ddi sdng gia dinh A Ddng.
Hieu thap quy dinh thai dp, each thiic cpn cai ting xu vdi cha me, dng ba. Theo
dd, eon cai phai kinh trpng, biet on, bao hieu vdi cha me, dng ba, nhung ngudi
da cd cdng sinh thanh, hy sinh tan tuy nudi day con chau nen ngudi. Chinh vi
vai ttd quan trpng va thieng lieng eua hieu thap trong cac mdi quan he gia dinh
ma bieu thao ed the mang lai hanh phuc, hai ldng hay tram cam d ngudi eao
tudi. Mdt mat nhQng nghien ciiu ve Idng hieu thao ca ttong nude va ngoai nude
deu chi ra sy thdng nhat eao eua khach the nghien cu:u vdi cac gia trj, niem tin
thi hien "dao bilu" cua con ngudi. Mat khac, trong su van dpng, thay ddi
khdng ngimg ctia xa hdi, hieu thao it nhieu eung cd nhQng thay ddi, khien hanh

dpng thuc te de bao hieu cha me dng ba chua dupe day du, ddi khi khien ngudi
gia ttd nen cd don, phai ty lo cho cudc sdng cua minh.
Cd thi ndi, qua trinh dd thj hda, di dan ra thanh phd cua lye lupng lao
ddng tre nhu nghien cdu tiln hanh d Trang Qudc, muc sdng ngay cang cao va
gia hda dan sd nhu cac nghien ciiu d Han Qudc, Nhat Bati... la nhQng qua
trinh phat triln ma Viet Nam dang trai qua. Vay nhQng bilu hien eung nhu
viec thye hidn bdn phan bilu thao cua con chau vdi cha me, dng ba nhu the nao
trong bdi canh hien nay ludn la cau hdi hip dan va y nghia khdng chi ddi vdi
cac nha nghien cuu ma cdn vdi ca nhOng nha hoach djnh chinh saeh, cham lo
phat triln kinh tl, muc sdng gin vdi an sinh xa hdi, cbatn sde ngudi cao tudi.
COng vi vay nen, mdi quan he giQa niem tin vao dao hieu va hanh vi thuc te
cua hp, bdn phan cua con cai vdi cha me, dng ba va sy ky vpng cua ngudi eao
tuli vao eon chau minh... ludn dat ra va cin cd nhung nghien cira tiep theo de
lam rd va khing dinh rd net hom hiiu thao trong thdi dai ngay nay.
Cdt Idi van hda cua khai niem bilu thao ciing da thuc diy nhilu nghien
cim xuyen van hda dl so sanh gia ttj bilu thao giQa eae nhdm dan tpc khae
nhau. Han nua, nhQng nghien ciru nay tuy da su dung nhQng bieu hien cua
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81


bilu thao nhu hanh vi cham sde cha me gia, nilm tin vihig chic vao viee coti
cai phai bao bilu cha me, dao ly dd la khdng thay ddi dii d trong hay ngoai
nude, sy cham sde tre khi cdn giai doan tre tha lien quan den bieu hi$n hieu
thao khi tte tradng thanh... nhtmg nhQng nghien cilu nay chua su dung cac
thang do da dupe chuan hda tren mdt mau dai dien du Idn cho mdt qudc gia,
mdt nIn van hda de ed thi dua ra nhOng ket luan mang tinh khai quat va sp
sanh d tam xuyen van hda.
Td tbyc te dd, cd thi thay mdt nghien cuu d quy md miu khach tbS rpng

Idn cd the dai dien cho nhieu vung mien cua mdt qudc gia, su dyng cac thang
do ve bieu thao da dupe ehuan hda va su dung d nhieu nude se giiip cho viec
so sanh kit qua nghien cuu d trong va ngoai nude ve hieu thao duae thuan Ipi,
nhat quan hon. Mat khac, khach the nghien ciiu dupe lua chpn khdng chi d mpt
ma nhieu the be gia - tre khae nhau, ndi dung nghien ciiu khong chi niem tin ve
Idng hieu thao ma cdn ca bdn phan, ky vpng cua hp vap con chau minh se cd
ddng gdp khdng nhd ttong viee hieu hom nhQng gia tii cdt loi ciia hieu thao, sy
bien ddi cua ndi ham khai niem hieu thao trong xa hoi hien nay.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Duong Thi Nhat Anh and Gyesook Yoo (2016). A cross-national investigation into
the filial piety and motivations for parenthood among Vietnamese and Korean college
students. Family and Environment lesearch. Vol. 54. No. 6. December. 575 - 588.
2. Chung C.K., Chan CM. & Lee J.J. (1999). Beliefs about elderly people among
social workers and general public in Hong Kong. Journal Cross Cultaral Gerontoloav
14. 131 - 152.
3. Ngd Tuin Dung (1996). Nhdn dinh hien Irgng gia dinh a thdnh phd lit gdc dp Idm
ly xd hpi In trong Le Thi (1996). Gia dinh Viet Nam ngay nay. NXB Khoa hpc xa hdi.
4. Gary O. Hamilton (1990). Patriarchy patrimonialism, and filial piety: A comparison
of China and Western Europe. In: The British Journal of Sociology. 41 (1) 77 . 104
Routledge Joumals for the London School of Economics and Political Science
5. Le Van Hao (2016). Bdnphdn vd ky vong vi hiiu thdo: Cdeh nhin nhdn Men nav
cua thanh men va ngudi gid HdNpLTs.pchirSm\y hoc. Si 6.Tt. 16-2i
6. Charlotte Ikels (2004). Filial piety: Practice and discourse in contemDorarv Fo.i
Asia. Standord University Press.
oniemporary East
7. Chou F.H., Wu M.H., Chang S.M. (2018). Systematic literature review w
,
analysis of filial piety and depression in older people. Journal of Transc„l„,„iT, •
<"">cmiura| Nursing
29 (4). 369 - 378.

8. James H. Liu, Sik Hung Ng., Ann Weatherall va Cynthia Loono r200m „-,- ,
piety, acculturation, and intergenerational communication among New Zeal jL
BasicandAppliedSocialPsychology. 22(3). 213-223.
""""dChinese.
82

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9. Kanti K.M. and Faleonier K.M. (2017). Asian Americans caring for elderly parents
in the U.S. Joumal of Cultural diversity. Vol. 24. No. 3. 73 - 83.
10. Ken Laidlawa, Dahua Wang, Claudia Coelho and Mick Power (2010). Attitudes
lo ageing and expectations for filial piety across Chinese and British cultures: A pilot
exploratory evaluation. Aging & Mental Health. Vol. 14. No. 3. 283 - 292.
11. Mai Van Hai (2016). Family values of Vietnamese living in Vietnam and Poland.
Dissertation in University of Lodz. Poland.
12. Kuang Y., McKitrick S., Yang G., Wang J., Guan S., Mankoff R. (2010). Filial
attitudes of American and Chinese undergradtuate students. The American Association
of Behavioral and Social Sciences Joumal. 14. 45 - 64.
13. Mengting Li va Xin Qi Dong (2018). The association between filial piety and
depressive symptoms among U.S. Chinese Older Adults. Gerontology & Geriatric
Medicine. Vol. 4. 1 - 7.
14. Phan Ngpc (2004). Bdn sde vdn hoa Viet Nam. NXB Van hda Thdng tin. Ha Npi.
15. Liu B.S., Li Ch.Y., Yeh K.H. and Huang H.C. (2011). Differences in filial behavior
in multigeneralion families that live together. Journal of Nursing Researching. Vol. 19.
Issue 1.25-34.
16. Peizhen Sun, Bei Liu, Hongyan Jiang va Feifei Qian (2016). Filial piety and life
satisfaction among Chinese students: Relationship harmony as mediator. Social Behavior
and Personality. 44(11). 1.927-1.936.
17. Pinquart M. and Sorensen S. (2005). iit/imc differences in stressors, resources, and

psychological outcomes of family caregiving: A mela-ctnalysis. The Gerontologist. 45.90 -106.
18. Nguyin Phuong Thao (1996). Trd lai vdi quan niem vi hon nhdn vd gia dinh qua
mpt sd chi bdo xd hpi hpe. In trong Le Thi (1996). Gia dinh Viet Nam ngay nay. NXB
Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Npi.
19. Le Ngpc Van (2011). Gia dinh vd biin ddi gia dinh a Viet Nam. NXB Khoa hoc
x5 hpi. Ha Npi.
20. Dahua Wang, Laidlaw Ken, Power Mick J., Jilian Shen (2009). Older people's
belief of filial piety in China: Expectation and non-expectation. Clinical gerontologist.

SdVol.33.No. l.P.21-38.
21. thy father and thy mother.

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