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droplets,andtheelectricallychargedheads
projectfromthedropletsandshieldthe
dropletsfromeachother.Theemulsionoffat
dropletsisnowstable.
These“surface-active”moleculeshave
manyotherapplicationsaswell.Forexample,
monoglycerideshavebeenusedfordecadesin
thebakingbusinessbecausetheyhelpretard
staling,apparentlybycomplexingwith
amyloseandblockingstarchretrogradation.
Carbohydrates
Thenameforthislargegroupofmolecules
comesfromtheearlyideathattheywere
madeupofcarbonandwater.Theyareindeed
madeupofcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygen
atoms,thoughtheoxygenandhydrogenare
notfoundasintactwatercomplexeswithin
themolecules.Carbohydratesareproducedby
allplantsandanimalsforthepurposeof
storingchemicalenergy,andbyplantsto
makeasupportingskeletonforitscells.
Simplesugarsandstarchareenergystores,
whilepectins,cellulose,andothercell-wall
carbohydratesaretheplant’sstructural
materials.
SUGARS
Sugarsarethesimplestcarbohydrates.There