Pediatric emergency medicine trisk 2371 2371
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e-TABLE 94.9
PLEURAL FLUID CHARACTERISTICS OF PLEURAL EFFUSIONS
Variable
Exudate a
Transudate b
Appearance
Cell count (mean WBC/mm3 )
Purulent
>25,000
Serous
1,000
Neutrophilic predominance
Protein (fluid/serum ratio)
LDH (IU/L) c
LDH (fluid/serum ratio) c
Glucose (mg/dL) c
pH c
>95%
>0.5
>200
>0.6
<60
<7.2
50%
<0.5
low
<0.6
>60
7.4–7.5
a Exudate:
neoplasia, infection, pulmonary embolus, hemo- or chylothorax, pericardial disease, intraabdominal abscesses, post liver, lung, or bone marrow transplantation, autoimmune or collagen vascular
diseases, drug reaction.
b Transudate: congestive heart failure, superior vena cava obstruction, Fontan, nephritic syndrome or other
causes of hypoalbuminemia, glomerulonephritis, peritoneal dialysis, myxedema, cirrhosis, cerebrospinal
fluid leak to pleura.
c Not recommended by the Infectious Diseases Society of America because rarely changes clinical
management in children.
WBC, white blood cell count; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.
