Pediatric emergency medicine trisk 2364 2364
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e-TABLE 94.2
CAUSES OF ENCEPHALITIS AND MENINGOENCEPHALITIS IN
IMMUNOCOMPETENT CHILDREN
Viral
Bacterial
Fungal
Protozoal
Helminthic
Relatively more common: enterovirus, HSV, EBV, West Nile,
St. Louis, tick-borne encephalitis virus, VZV, equine
encephalitides (Eastern, Western, Venezuelan), La Crosse,
influenza
Less common: LCMV, Japanese encephalitis virus, measles,
mumps, rabies
Relatively more common: Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
Bartonella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain
spotted fever)
Less common: Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Coxiella
burnetti (Q fever), Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
Often identified, but most evidence anecdotal: Mycoplasma
pneumoniae
Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides
Naegleria fowleri (primary amebic meningoencephalitis),
Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba (both causes of
granulomatous amebic encephalitis), Toxoplasma gondii
Baylisascaris (raccoon roundworm, endemic in US.),
Gnathostoma (nematode of fish, reptiles, and amphibians
most common in Southeast Asia and Latin America),
Angiostrongylus (rat lungworm, a cause of eosinophilic
meningitis in Southeast Asia)
HSV, herpes simplex virus; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; VZV, varicella zoster virus; LCMV, lymphocytic
choriomeningitis virus.
