Pediatric emergency medicine trisk 1392 1392
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Structural abnormality (agenesis, hydrocephalus, mass, arteriovascular
malformation)
Dysfunction/immaturity (apnea, hyperventilation/hypoventilation)
Infection (meningitis, encephalitis, abscess)
Inherited or acquired degenerative disease
Intoxication, central nervous system depression (alcohol, barbiturates,
benzodiazepines, opiates, neurotoxins)
Seizure
Trauma (birth asphyxia, hemorrhage)
Spinal cord (congenital anomaly, tetanus, trauma)
Anterior horn (poliomyelitis, transverse myelitis, spinal muscular atrophy)
Peripheral nervous system
Peripheral motor nerve (phrenic nerve injury, Guillain–Barré syndrome,
multiple sclerosis, tick paralysis, heavy metal or organophosphate toxicity,
porphyria)
Neuromuscular junction (myasthenia gravis, botulism, snake bite,
organophosphate toxicity, antibiotics)
Muscle (muscular/myotonic dystrophies, IEM, carnitine deficiency,
polymyositis/dermatomyositis, fatigue)
Chest wall/intrathoracic
Air leak (pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum,
pneumopericardium)
Space-occupying (esophageal foreign body, pleural effusion, empyema,
chylothorax, hemothorax, anomalies of the great vessels, diaphragmatic
hernia, cyst, mass)
Bony and/or muscular deformity or dysfunction (congenital bone/muscle
absence, spine deformity, pectus excavatum/carinatum, diaphragmatic hernia,
contusion, rib fractures/flail chest, burn)
Cardiovascular
Congenital (structural defect, arrhythmia)
Acquired (cardiogenic shock, arrhythmia, valvular heart disease, myocarditis,
myocardial ischemia or infarction, pericarditis, pericardial effusion,
pericardial tamponade, aortic dissection or rupture, mass, coronary artery
dilation/aneurysm, congestive heart failure)
Gastrointestinal
