Pediatric emergency medicine trisk 1532 1532
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TABLE 78.1
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF URINARY FREQUENCY
Intraurinary system
Extraurinary system
Renal
Renal parenchymal disease
Sickle cell disease
Nephrogenic diabetes
insipidus
Ureter
Ectopic ureter
Nephrolithiasis
Bladder
Urinary tract
infection/bacterial cystitis
Viral cystitis
Chemical cystitis
Posterior urethral valves
Urethra/Penis/Vagina
Urethritis
Vulvovaginitis (infectious,
foreign body, trauma)
Balanitis
Meatal ulceration
Urethral syndrome
Pinworms
Neurologic
Neurogenic bladder (spinal cord lesion, spina
bifida)
Central diabetes insipidus (head injury, brain
tumor, septo-optic dysplasia)
Uninhibited/unstable bladder
Abdominal
Abdominal/pelvic mass
Ovarian torsion/cyst
Appendicitis
Pregnancy
Constipation
Endocrine/Metabolic
Hyperglycemia/diabetes mellitus
Hypercalciuria
Salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Drugs/Toxins
Caffeine
Ethanol
Lithium
Diuretics
Vitamin D
Psychogenic
Behavioral
Psychogenic polydipsia
Munchausen-by-proxy
Urethra, Penis, Vagina, and Anus
Frequency is a presenting symptom of urethritis, more specific to the adolescent
population. The most common etiologies of urethritis are Chlamydia trachomatis
and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Balanitis and balanoposthitis in young males,
