Pediatric emergency medicine trisk 1111 1111
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Patients who are not emergently ill and have no clinically concerning red flags of
dysphagia such as weight loss, esophageal food impaction, excessive drooling,
coughing or gagging during or after swallowing, or recurrent pulmonary
infections/aspiration pneumonia can be discharged home with appropriate referral
and food log diaries. Causes of dysphagia not identified from the initial
evaluation may require radiographic or subspecialty referral for further diagnostic
and therapeutic management.
Suggested Readings and Key References
Arvedson JC, Lefton-Greif MA. Instrumental assessment of pediatric dysphagia.
Semin Speech Lang 2017;38(2):135–146.
Benfer KA, Weir KA, Bell KL, et al. Oropharyngeal dysphagia and gross motor
skills in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatrics 2013;131(5):e1553–e1562.
Hartnick CJ, Hartley BE, Miller C, et al. Pediatric fiberoptic endoscopic
evaluation of swallowing. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2000;109(11):996–999.
Horton J, Atwood C, Gnagi S, et al. Temporal trends of pediatric dysphagia in
hospitalized patients. Dysphagia 2018;33(5):655–661.
Merati AL. In-office evaluation of swallowing: FEES, pharyngeal squeeze
maneuver, and FEESST. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2013;46(1):31–39.
Morgan A, Ward E, Murdoch B, et al. Incidence, characteristics, and predictive
factors for dysphagia after pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma
Rehabil 2003;18(3):239–251.
Rosen R, Vandenplas Y, Singendonk M, et al. Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux
clinical practice guidelines: joint recommendations of the north American
society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition and the
European society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition. J
Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018;66(3):516–554.
