Pediatric emergency medicine trisk 2099 2099
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TABLE 91.8
SEROLOGIC CHANGES IN HEPATITIS
Test
Antigen/antibody
Interpretation
HBsAg
Hepatitis B surface
antigen
Detection of acute or chronic
infection. Not present after
vaccine.
Anti-HBs
Antibody to HBsAg
HBeAg
Resolved infection with HBV or
immunocompetent vaccinated.
Hepatitis B e antigen Detects HBV infection with
increased risk of transmission.
Anti-HBe
Antibody to HBeAg
Detects HBV infection with
decreased risk of transmission.
Anti-HBc
Antibody to HBV
core antigen
Detects acute, resolved, or chronic
HBV infection. Not present after
immunization.
IgM anti-HBc IgM antibody to HBV Identifies acute or recent HBV
core antigen
infection (within past 6 mo).
HBV DNA
by PCR
Amplified HBV DNA Detects virus in blood or liver tissues.
Indicates ongoing infection.
HCAb
Hepatitis C antibody
Detects Chronic HCV infection, if
positive confirm with HCV RNA
quantitative PCR.
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For infants who are having frequent regurgitation episodes without any
apparent complications, no treatment is required and the emphasis should be
on parental education and reassurance. For those infants where treatment is
desired, the focus should be on smaller, more frequent meals, thickening
feeds, and appropriate positioning. Those with a milk protein allergy may
benefit from more aggressive lifestyle changes. Unfortunately, antireflux
medications have not been shown to be beneficial in infancy, and are not
recommended. An example of thickening would be to add one teaspoon of
thickening cereal to 1 oz of formula. It is important to know that there is an
