Pediatric emergency medicine trisk 0533 0533
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TABLE 23.1
CAUSES OF DIARRHEA
Infections
Enteral
Viruses: rotavirus, caliciviruses (norwalk and sapporo viruses), enteroviruses,
adenoviruses, astroviruses
Bacteria: Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, pathogenic
Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio spp., Clostridium difficile,
tuberculosis
Parasites: Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidia
Nongastrointestinal (parenteral diarrhea): otitis media, pneumonia, urinary tract
infection
Dietary disturbances
Overfeeding, food allergy, starvation stools
Anatomic abnormalities
Intussusception, Hirschsprung disease, partial obstruction, appendicitis, blind
loop syndrome, intestinal lymphangiectasia, short bowel syndrome
Inflammatory bowel disease
Ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease
Malabsorption or increased secretion
Cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, disaccharidase deficiency, acrodermatitis
enteropathica, secretory neoplasms
Systemic illnesses
Immunodeficiency
Endocrinopathy: hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, congenital adrenal
hyperplasia
Psychogenic disturbances (irritable bowel syndrome)
Miscellaneous
Antibiotic-induced diarrhea, secondary lactase deficiency, neonatal drug
withdrawal, toxins (e.g., organophosphate ingestion), hemolytic uremic
syndrome
