Andersons pediatric cardiology 295
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databasewasmaintainedofcasesverifiedby
autopsy,surgery,orcatheterizationfromwhich
prevalence,distribution,andclinical
epidemiologyweredefined.Theprevalenceat
livebirthwas2.08per1000,withventricular
septaldefectsaccountingfor15.7%ofcases.
CarlgrenLE,EricsonA,KallenB.Monitoringof
congenitalcardiacdefects.PediatrCardiol.
1987;8:247–256.
Thisstudyusedfourregistriestodeterminean
estimateofprevalenceandfrequencyof
distributionofcongenitallymalformedheartsfor
Swedenandgiveslimitedepidemiologic
features.
FerenczC,RubinJD,LoffredoCA.Epidemiology
ofcongenitalheartdisease.TheBaltimoreWashingtoninfantstudy1981-1989.Futura:
MountKisco,NY;1993.Perspectivesin
PediatricCardiology.Vol.4.
Thisisanimportantmonographprovidingthefull
resultsoftheseminalactivesurveillancestudy
incorporatingechocardiography,withacasecontrolcomparisonregardingpotentialrisk
factors.Theprevalencewas4.84per1000live
births.
HiraishiS,etal.Incidenceandnaturalcourseof
trabecularventricularseptaldefect:two-
dimensionalechocardiographyandcolor
Dopplerflowimagingstudy.JPediatr.
1992;120:409–415.
Thisstudyuniversallyscreened1028newborns
withechocardiographyandidentified21with
muscularventricularseptaldefects,withfour
additionalcasesofcongenitalcardiacdisease.
Earlyscreeningoflivebirthsgivesthehighest
estimatesofprevalencethroughcomplete
ascertainmentofcases.
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