Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

Lời nói đầu:
Từ vựng là phần chủ yếu cản trở bạn đến với điểm số IELTS mong muốn. Đa phần các
cuốn sách về vocabulary hiện tại dành cho IELTS chỉ list ra những từ “học thuật” theo
chủ đề, ít ví dụ về cách dùng, ít hoặc khơng có các từ đồng nghĩa với những từ vựng
học thuật đó. Phần thiếu sót có lẽ lớn nhất của các cuốn sách từ vựng hiện tại là
“collocations” và topic vocabulary, đây là các cụm từ hay đi cùng nhau và dùng đặc
biệt trong cách topic nhất định.
Việc thiếu từ đồng nghĩa sẽ làm bạn đọc hiểu rất khó vì từ vựng dùng trong bài đọc
thường được paraphrase ở trong câu hỏi để kiểm tra được độ rộng và mức độ hiểu của
người học.
Ngoài ra việc thiếu collocations sẽ làm bạn diễn đạt vơ cùng khó khăn và thiếu tự
nhiên khi viết hoặc nói. Nhưng từ trình độ <8.0 thì lại khó nhận ra những collocations
nào nên học. Do đó cuốn sách này, mình đã trực tiếp highlight tất cả các collocations
hay, hay gặp và có giá trị dùng lại rất nhiều trong q trình nói và viết của các bạn. Sau
khi học xong 6 cuốn trong bộ “LEAN VOCABULARY”, chắc chắn bạn sẽ nhận biết
được một lượng collocations đủ lớn để có thể nghe hiểu, đọc hiểu tốt và nhất là dùng
được tốt khi nói và viết.

Để học tốt cuốn sách:
Bước 1: Chọn 1 bài đọc bất kì, tập trung đọc hiểu và xem phần “synonym – từ đồng
nghĩa” của các từ được in đậm, đây là các từ ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến mức độ hiểu của
bạn khi đọc 1 câu văn.
Bước 2: Đọc lại thật kĩ và chú ý các “cụm từ được gạch chân” – đây là các collocations
hay dùng.
Bước 3: Chọn 3-5 cụm THẬT SỰ ẤN TƯỢNG và luyện nói hoặc viết bằng cách đặt
câu hoàn chỉnh. Các câu đặt cần đảm bảo: Là câu đơn và ít bị thay đổi so với câu gốc

nhất, có liên quan đến bản thân nhất. (Nên có bút highlight để lưu lại những cụm đó)
Bước 4: Đọc lại 1 lần vào ngày hôm sau trước khi học bài mới.
(Sách có 210 bài đọc chia thành 6 chủ đề lớn: Technology (30), Health & Sports (30),
Environment (45), Education (45), Business & Economy (45), Science (45), nên với
các bạn còn thời gian (6 tháng), hãy chọn chủ đề mình yếu từ vựng nhất, hoặc từ cuốn
dễ nhất: Education  Business  Health  Evironment  Tech  Science - học ít
nhất 1 bài 1 ngày và ít nhất 30 bài, học thật sâu và đọc hiểu. Với các bạn cịn 3 tháng
thì có thể học 1 ngày 3 bài, nhưng nên chia ra 3 lần học, không nên học 1 lúc 2 bài)
Không cần làm đề nhiều. Chỉ cần 1 tháng làm 1 đề để kiểm tra lại khả năng tiếng Anh.
Sẽ có những collocations các bạn thấy có highlight nhưng khơng hiểu, khi đó hãy đánh
dấu nháy nháy và cụm đó lên google: “…………” thì sẽ có ví dụ và giải nghĩa của nó.

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

Lời cảm ơn:
Công sức của các bạn sẽ giúp nhiều, rất nhiều các bạn khác đạt được mục tiêu.
Nguyễn Đình Hạnh – Khóa 9 - UNETI
Hồn thành highlight từ vựng học thuật, giải thích và synonym
cho hơn 45 bài đọc cho Vol.4 - Environment của bộ LEAN
VOCABULARY.

Nguyễn Thu Loan: K58 – NEU (bạn thứ 2 bên trái sang
nhé :P )
Hoàn thành highlight từ vựng học thuật, giải thích và

synonym cho 45 bài đọc cho Vol.1 - Education - của bộ
LEAN VOCABULARY.

Hoàng Phương Linh: Du học sinh Úc
Hoàn thành highlight từ vựng học thuật, giải thích và
synonym cho 45 bài đọc cho Vol.6 - Science - của bộ LEAN
VOCABULARY

Vũ Thị Ba: K57 - FTU
Hoàn thành highlight từ vựng học thuật, giải thích và synonym
cho 30 bài đọc cho Vol.3 – Sports and Health - của bộ LEAN
VOCABULARY

Nguyễn Thu Phương: K60 - NEU
Hoàn thành highlight từ vựng học thuật, giải thích và synonym
cho hơn 45 bài đọc cho Vol.2 – Business & Economy của bộ
LEAN VOCABULARY
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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

Lời nói đầu: ................................................................................................................... 1
Lời cảm ơn: ................................................................................................................... 3
Reading 1: Is technology harming our children health?.................................... 6
Reading 2: How Mobile Telephony Turned into a Health Scare ..................... 10
Reading 3: Less Television, Less Violence and Aggression................................. 13

Reading 4: Air conditioning..................................................................................... 16
Reading 5: The electric revolution ......................................................................... 18
Reading 6: The power of the big screen ............................................................... 20
Reading 7: Reading in a whole new way ............................................................. 23
Reading 8: Segway into the Future ....................................................................... 26
Reading 9: ROBOTS .................................................................................................. 29
Reading 10: Domestic robots ................................................................................... 32
Reading 11: The Return of Artificial Intelligence ............................................... 35
Reading 12: The rocket - From East to West ..................................................... 38
Reading 13: An assessment of micro-wind turbines ......................................... 41
Reading 14: Crop-growing skyscrapers ................................................................ 44
Reading 15: The risks agriculture faces in developing countries ................... 50
Reading 16: Tidal Power .......................................................................................... 54

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

Reading 17: Reducing electricity consumption on the Isle of Eigg................ 57
Reading 18: Architecture - Reaching for the Sky.............................................. 60
Reading 19: Why pagodas don't fall down........................................................... 63
Reading 20: Moles happy as homes go underground ......................................... 66
Reading 21: Changes in International Commerce How ethics and fair trade
can make a difference .......................................................................................... 69
Reading 22: Raising the Mary Rose ....................................................................... 72
Reading 23: Air traffic control in the USA .......................................................... 75

Reading 24: TITAN of technology ........................................................................... 78
Reading 25: Art to the aid of technology............................................................. 81
Reading 26: An Introduction to Film Sound ....................................................... 84
Reading 27: William Gilbert and Magnetism ....................................................... 87
Reading 28: The Falkirk Wheel................................................................................ 90
Reading 29: Stepwells................................................................................................ 93
Reading 30: Information theory - the big idea .................................................. 96
Listening Section .................................................................................................... 99
Keywords: Technology .................................................................................. 123
Subtopics................................................................................................................... 137

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

Is technology harming
our children health?

Technology is moving at such a breakneck speed
that it is enough to make your head spin. It can be
difficult to keep up. However, with each new
technological marvel come consequences. Much
of the research conducted has shown the extent of
the damage being done to our health by
technology. It is a scary thought, and with
teenagers and children being heavy consumers

and users of these gadgets, they run the risk of
being harmed the most.

breakneck speed /ˈbreɪknɛk spiːd /: dangerously or
extremely fast

The digital revolution in music has enabled people
to download, store and listen to songs on a tiny,
portable device called an MP3 player. The
process is quick and afterwards you can have
access to a library of thousands of songs that can
fit into your palm. But experts say that
continuously listening to loud music on these small
music players can permanently damage hair cells
in the inner ear, resulting in hearing loss. For
instance, old-fashioned headphones have been
replaced with smaller ones that fit neatly into the
ear, instead of over them, which intensifies the
sound. In addition to that, digital music does not
distort and keeps its crystal clear sound, even on
loud settings, which encourages children to crank
up the volume. Combine that with the fact that
many children will spend hours listening to their

gadgets /ˈgæʤɪts / : a small mechanical or electronic
device or tool

synonyms:

Extremelyfast, rapid, speedy, highspeed, lightning, whirlwind


marvel /ˈmɑːvəl /: a wonderful or astonishing person or
thing
synonyms:

synonyms:

wonder, miracle, sensation, spectacle,

appliance, apparatus, instrument, implement, tool

harmed /hɑːmd / : have an adverse effect on
synonyms: mistreat, misuse, ill-treat, ill-use
revolution /ˌrɛvəˈluːʃən/ : a dramatic change in the way
something works
synonyms:

dramatic change, radical alteration
transformation, innovation

portable /ˈpɔːtəbl / :able to be easily carried or moved

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary
iPods, and you have the recipe for hearing loss.
Put into further perspective, most MP3 players can
reach levels of 120 decibels, which is louder than a

chainsaw or lawnmower. When you consider 85
decibels is the maximum safe decibel level set by
hearing experts over the course of a working day,
and that children will listen to music at higher
decibel levels than that for long periods of time,
hearing will invariably suffer.
Apart from hearing damage, there are other
serious health risks. We are living in a wireless
age. Calls can be made and received on mobiles
from anywhere and the internet can be accessed
without the need for cables.The advantages are
enormous, bringing ease and convenience to our
lives. It is clear that mobiles and wireless
technology are here to stay but are we paying the
price for new technology? Studies have shown that
the rapid expansion in the use of wireless
technology has brought with it a new form of
radiation called ‘electropollution’.
Compared to two generations ago, we are exposed
to 100 million times more radiation. The human
body consists of trillions of cells which use faint
electromagnetic signals to communicate with each
other, so that the necessary biological and
physiological changes can happen. It is a delicate,
natural balance. But this balance is being upset by
the constant exposure to electromagnetic radiation
(EMR) that we face in our daily lives and it is
playing havoc with our bodies. EMR can disrupt
and alter the way in which our cells communicate
and this can result in abnormal cell behaviour.

Some studies have shown that exposure to
wireless technology can affect our enzyme
production, immune systems, nervous system and
even our moods and behaviour. The most
dangerous part of the phone is around the
antenna.This area emits extremely potent
radiation which has been shown to cause genetic
damage and an increase in the risk of cancer.
Research shows that teenagers and young adults
are the largest group of mobile phone users.
According to a recent Eurobarometer survey, 70
per cent of Europeans aged 12-13 own a mobile
phone and the number of children five to nine
years old owning mobiles has greatly increased
over the years. Children are especially vulnerable
because their brains and nervous systems are not
as immune to attack as adults. Sir William Stewart,
chairman of the National Radiological Protection
Board, says there is mounting evidence to prove
the harmful effects of wireless technologies and
that families should monitor their children’s use of
them.

synonyms:

Vol.5 - Technology
transportable, movable, mobile

permanently /ˈpɜːmənəntli / :in a way that lasts or remains
unchanged indefinitely

synonyms:

for all time, forever, forevermore, for good,
for always

inner /ˈɪnə/ : situated inside or further in; internal
synonyms:

internal, interior, inside, inmost

intensifies /ɪnˈtɛnsɪfaɪz / :become or make more intense
synonyms:

escalate, increase, boost, raise, strengthen

distort /dɪsˈtɔːt / :change the form of (an electrical signal or
sound wave) during transmission, amplification,
synonyms:

twisted, warped, contorted, buckled, deformed,

crank up /kræŋk ʌp / :to increase or improve something
Invariably /ɪnˈveərɪəbli / : in every case or on every
occasion; always.
synonyms:

always, on every occasion, at all times , without fail,
without exception

Expansion /ɪksˈpænʃən / : the action of becoming larger or

more extensive.
synonyms:

growth, increase in size, enlargement, extension,
development

Radiation /ˌreɪdɪˈeɪʃən/ Phóng xạ
Upset /ʌpˈsɛt / : cause disorder in (something); disrupt.
synonyms:

disrupt, interfere with, disturb

Exposure /ɪksˈpəʊʒə / : the state of being exposed to
contact with something
synonyms:

subjection, vulnerability, laying open

Havoc /ˈhævək/ : widespread destruction
synonyms:

devastation, destruction, damage, desolation,
ruination, ruin

Disrupt /dɪsˈrʌpt / :interrupt (an event, activity, or process)
Alter /ˈɔːltə / : change or cause to change, typically in a

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

Besides the physical and biological damage,
technology can also have serious mental
implications for children. It can be the cause of
severe, addictive behaviour. In one case, two
children had to be admitted into a mental health
clinic in Northern Spain because of their addiction
to mobile phones. An average of six hours a day
would be spent talking, texting and playing games
on their phones. The children could not be
separated from their phones and showed disturbed
behaviour that was making them fail at school.
They regularly deceived family members to obtain
money to buy phone cards to fund their
destructive habit. There have been other cases of
phone addiction like this.

comparatively small but significant way.

Technology may also be changing our brain
patterns. Professor Greenfield, a top specialist in
brain development, says that, thanks to
technology, teenage minds are developing
differently from those of previous generations. Her
main concern is over computer games. She claims
that living in a virtual world where actions are

rewarded without needing to think about the moral
implications makes young people lose awareness
of who they are’. She claims that technology brings
a decline in linguistic creativity.

Vulnerable /ˈvʌlnərəbl / :susceptible to physical or
emotional attack or harm

As technology keeps moving at a rapid pace and
everyone clamours for the new must- have
gadget of the moment, we cannot easily perceive
the long-term effects on our health. Unfortunately,
it is the most vulnerable members of our society
that will be affected.

synonyms:

change, make changes to, make different,
make alterations to, adjust

Abnormal /æbˈnɔːməl / :usual, typically in a way that is
undesirable or worrying
synonyms:

unusual, uncommon, atypical, untypical,
nontypical, unrepresentative, rare

Potent /ˈpəʊtənt /: having great power, influence, or effect
synonyms:


synonyms:

powerful, strong, mighty, formidable,
influential, dominant, forceful

helpless, defenseless, powerless,
impotent, weak, susceptible

Monitor /ˈmɒnɪtə / : observe and check the progress or
quality of (something) over a period of time;
synonyms:

observe, watch, track, keep an eye on,
keep under observation, keep watch on,
keep under surveillance, surveil, oversee

Implications /ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃənz / : a likely consequence of
something
synonyms:

consequence, result, ramification, repercussion

Addiction /əˈdɪkʃ(ə)n / : being addicted to a particular
substance, thing, or activity.
synonyms:

dependency, dependence, habit, problem

Destructive /dɪsˈtrʌktɪv / : causing great and irreparable
harm or damage.

synonyms: devastating, ruinous, disastrous, catastrophic
Moral /ˈmɒrəl / : concerned with the principles of right and
wrong behavior
synonyms: virtuous, good, righteous, upright, upstanding, highminded, principled, honorable, honest,
just, noble, incorruptible
Linguistic /lɪŋˈgwɪstɪk /: relating to language or linguistics.
clamours for /ˈklæməz fɔː /: shout loudly and insistently.
synonyms:

yell, shout loudly, bay, scream, roar

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

perceive /pəˈsiːv /: become aware or conscious of
(something)
synonyms:

discern, recognize, become aware of

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary


Vol.5 - Technology

How Mobile Telephony Turned into a
Health Scare

The technology which enabled mobile phones
was previously used in the kind of two- way radio
which could be found in taxis and emergency
vehicles. Although this was a great development,
it was not really considered mobile telephony
because it could not be used to dial into existing
phone networks. It was known as simplex
technology, operating on the same principles as a
walkie-talkie, which required that a user press a
button, meaning that only one person at a time
could talk. Simplex meant that there was only one
communication frequency in use at any one time.
The first mobile phones to connect to telephone
networks were often installed in cars before the
hand-held version came on the market and the
revolution in mobile technology began. The first
generation of mobile phones (called 1G) were
large, heavy and analogue and it was not until the
invention of the second generation (2G) in the
1990s that digital networks could be used. The
digital element enabled faster signalling. At the
same time, developments in battery design and
energy-saving electronics allowed the phones
themselves to become smaller and therefore more

truly mobile. The second generation allowed for
text messaging too, and this began with the first
person-to-person text message in Finland in 1993,
although a machine-generated text message had

Enabled /ɪˈneɪbld /: give (someone or something) the authority
or means to do something
synonyms: allow, permit, let, give the means, equip, empower
Simplex /ˈsimpleks/: composed of or characterized by a single
part or structure
walkie-talkie /ˈwɔːkɪˈtɔːki /: a portable two-way radio.

battery /ˈbætəri /: a container consisting of one or more cells, in
which chemical energy is converted into electricity and used as
a source of power.
synonyms: storage cell, cell

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

been successfully sent two years earlier.
None of this would have been possible without the
development of duplex technology to replace the
relatively primitive simplex technology of the first
phase of mobile communication. In duplex

technology, there are two frequencies available
simultaneously. These two frequencies can be
obtained by the principle of Frequency Division
Duplex (FDD). To send two signals wirelessly, it is
necessary to create a paired spectrum, where
one band carries the uplink (from phone to
antenna) and the other carries the downlink (from
antenna to phone).Time Division Duplex (TDD)
can achieve the same thing, but instead of splitting
the frequency, the uplink and downlink are
switched very rapidly, giving the impression that
one frequency is used.
For mobile telephony to work to its fullest
potential, it needs to have a network through
which it can relay signals.This network depends
on base stations which send and receive the
signals. The base stations tend to be simple
constructions, or masts, on top of which are
mounted the antennas. With the rapid increase in
demand for mobile services, the infrastructure of
antennas in the United Kingdom is now huge.
Many thousands of reports have appeared
claiming that the signals relayed by these
antennas are harmful to human and animal health.
The claims focus on the fact that the antennas are
transmitting radio waves in microwave form. In
some ways, public demand is responsible for the
increase in the alleged threat to health. Until quite
recently, voice and text messages were
transmitted using 2G technology. A 2G mast can

send a low-frequency microwave signal
approximately 35 kilometres.Third generation (3G)
technology allows users to wirelessly download
information from the internet and is extremely
popular. The difference is that 3G technology uses
a higher frequency to carry the signals, allowing
masts to emit more radiation. This problem Is
intensified by the need to have masts in closer
proximity to each other and to the handsets
themselves. Whatever danger there was in 2G
signals is greatly multiplied by the fact that the 3G
masts are physically much closer to people.
Government authorities have so far refused to
accept that there is a danger to public health, and
tests carried out by governments and
telecommunications companies have been
restricted to testing to see if heat is being
produced from these microwaves. According to
many, however, the problem is not heat, but
electromagnetic waves which are found near the

duplex /ˈdjuːplɛks / : allowing the transmission of two signals
simultaneously in opposite directions.
primitive /ˈprɪmɪtɪv /: relating to, denoting, or preserving the
character of an early stage in the evolutionary or historical
development of something
synonyms: ancient, earliest, first, prehistoric
simultaneously /ˌsɪməlˈteɪniəsli /: at the same time
spectrum /ˈspɛktrəm, /: used to classify something, or suggest
that it can be classified, in terms of its position on a scale

between two extreme or opposite points.
Downlink: a telecommunications link for signals coming to the
earth from a satellite, spacecraft, or aircraft

masts /mɑːsts /: a tall upright structure on land, especially a
flagpole or a television or radio transmitter
synonyms: flagpole, flagstaff, pole, post, rod, upright
relayed /riːˈleɪd /: broadcast (something) by passing signals
received from elsewhere through a transmitting station
synonyms: transfer, repeat, communicate, send, transmit
transmitting /trænzˈmɪtɪŋ /: cause (something) to pass on from
one place or person to another.
synonyms: transfer, pass on, hand on, communicate, convey
alleged /əˈlɛʤd /: (of an incident or a person) said, without
proof, to have taken place or to have a specified illegal or
undesirable quality.
synonyms: supposed, so-called, claimed, professed
threat /θrɛt/: a person or thing likely to cause damage or
danger.
synonyms: danger, peril, hazard, menace, risk

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

masts.

It is believed that some people, though not all,
have a condition known as electro- sensitivity or
electro-hypersensitivity (EHS), meaning that the
electromagnetism makes them ill in some way.The
actual health threat from these pulsed microwave
signals is an area which greatly needs more
research. It has been claimed that the signals
affect all living organisms, including plants, at a
cellular level and cause symptoms in people
ranging from tiredness and headaches to cancer.
Of particular concern is the effect that increased
electromagnetic fields may have on children and
the fear is that the negative effects on their health
may not manifest themselves until they have had
many years of continued exposure to high levels.
Tests carried out on animals living close to this
form of radiation are particulady useful because
scientists can rule out the psychological effect
that humans might be exhibiting due to their fear
of possible contamination.
Of course, the danger of exposure exists when
using a mobile phone but since we do this for
limited periods, between which it is believed our
bodies can recover, it is not considered as serious
as the effect of living or working near a mast
(sometimes mounted on the very building we
occupy) which is transmitting electromagnetic
waves 24 hours a day.

organisms /ˈɔːgənɪzmz /: an individual animal, plant, or singlecelled life form.

synonyms: living thing, being, creature, animal, plant, life form
symptoms /ˈsɪmptəmz /: a physical or mental feature that is
regarded as indicating a condition of disease, particularly such a
feature that is apparent to the patient.
synonyms: manifestation, indication, indicator, sign,
mark, feature
manifest /ˈmænɪfɛst /: clear or obvious to the eye or mind.
synonyms: obvious, clear, plain, apparent, evident,
patent, palpable, distinct
rule out /ruːl aʊt /: exclude, eliminate
exhibiting /ɪgˈzɪbɪtɪŋ /: manifest or deliberately display (a
quality or a type of behavior)
synonyms: show, reveal, display, manifest
contamination /kənˌtæmɪˈneɪʃən /: the action or state of
making or being made impure by polluting or poisoning

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

Less Television, Less Violence and Aggression

Cutting back on television, videos, and video games
reduces acts of aggression among schoolchildren,
according to a study by Dr. Thomas Robinson and
others from the Stanford University School of

Medicine. The study, published in the January 2001
issue of the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent
Medicine, found that third- and fourth-grade students
who took part in a curriculum to reduce their TV,
video, and video game use engaged in fewer acts of
verbal and physical aggression than their peers. The
study took place in two similar San Jose, California,
elementary schools. Students in one school
underwent an 18-lesson, 6-month program designed
to limit their media usage, while the others did not.
Both groups of students had similar reports of
aggressive behavior at the beginning of the study.
After the six-month program, however, the two
groups had very real differences. The students who
cut back on their TV time engaged in six fewer acts
of verbal aggression per hour and rated 2.4 percent
fewer of their classmates as aggressive after the
program.

Cutting back /ˈkʌtɪŋ bæk /: to spend less, do less, or use
less of something

Physical acts of violence, parental reports of
aggressive behavior, and perceptions of a mean
and scary world also decreased, but the authors
suggest further study to solidify these results.

synonyms: equal, coequal, fellow, confrere

Although many studies have shown that children who

watch a lot of TV are more likely to act violently, this
report further verifies that television, videos, and
video games actually cause the violent behavior, and
it is among the first to evaluate a solution to the

synonyms: reduce, cut back/down
on, decrease, lessen, retrench, trim
Aggression /əˈgrɛʃ(ə)n /: hostile or violent behavior or
attitudes toward another
synonyms: hostility, aggressiveness, force, violence
Pediatric /ˌpiːdɪˈætrɪk /: relating to the branch of medicine
dealing with children and their diseases
Curriculum /kəˈrɪkjʊləm /: the subjects comprising a
course of study in a school or college.
synonyms: syllabus, course of study, program of
study, subjects
Peers /pɪəz /: a person of the same age, status, or ability
as another specified person

Underwent /ˌʌndəˈwɛnt /: experience or be subjected to
(something, typically something unpleasant, painful, or
arduous)
synonyms: experience, undertake, face,submit to, be
subjected to, go through

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

problem. Teachers at the intervention school
included the program in their existing curriculum.
Early lessons encouraged students to keep tract of
and report on the time they spent watching TV or
videos, or playing Video games, to motivate them to
limit those activities on their own. The initial lessons
were followed by TV-Turnoff, an organization that
encourages less TV viewing. For ten days, students
were challenged to go without television, videos, or
video games. After that, teachers encouraged the
students to stay within a media allowance of seven
hours per week. Almost all students participated in
the Turnoff, and most stayed under their budget for
the following weeks. Additional lessons encouraged
children to use their time more selectively, and many
of the final lessons had students themselves
advocate reducing screen activities.
This study is by no means the first to find a link
between television and violence. Virtually all of 3,500
research studies on the subject in the past 40 years
have shown the same relationship, according to the
American Academy of Pediatrics. Among the most
noteworthy studies is Dr. Leonard D. Eron’s, which
found that exposure to television violence in
childhood is the strongest predictor of aggressive
behavior later in life—stronger even than violent
behavior as children. The more violent television the
subjects watched at age eight, the more serious was
their aggressive behavior even 22 years later.
Another study by Dr. Brandon S. Centerwall found

that murder rates climb after the introduction of
television. In the United States and Canada, murder
rates doubled 10 to 15 years after the introduction of
television, after the first TV generation grew up.
Centerwall tested this pattern in South Africa, where
television broadcasts were banned until 1975.
Murder rates in South Africa remained relatively
steady from the mid-1940s through the mid- 1970s.
By 1987, however, the murder rate had increased
130 percent from its 1974 level. The murder rates in
the United States and Canada had leveled off in the
meantime. Centerwall's study implies that the
medium of television, not just the content, promotes
violence and the current study by Dr. Robinson
supports that conclusion. The Turnoff did not
specifically target violent television, nor did the
following allowance period. Reducing television in
general reduces aggressive behavior. Even
television that is not “violent” is more violent than real
life and may lead viewers to believe that violence is
funny, inconsequential, and a viable solution to
problems. Also, watching television of any content
robs us of the time to interact with real people.
Watching too much TV may inhibit the skills and
patience we need to get along with others without
resorting to aggression. TV, as a medium, promotes

Vol.5 - Technology
Limit /ˈlɪmɪt /: synonyms: restrict, curb, cap, check
regulate, control, govern, delimit

Verbal /ˈvɜːbəl / : spoken rather than written; oral
Perceptions /pəˈsɛpʃənz /: the ability to see, hear, or
become aware of something through the senses
synonyms: recognition, awareness, consciousness,
appreciation, realization, knowledge, grasp
Solidify /səˈlɪdɪfaɪ /: make stronger; reinforce.
Verifies /ˈvɛrɪfaɪz /: make sure or demonstrate that
(something) is true, accurate, or justified.
synonyms: substantiate, confirm, prove, corroborate
Evaluate /ɪˈvæljʊeɪt /: form an idea of the amount, number,
or value of; assess
synonyms: assess, judge, gauge, rate, estimate,
appraise, analyze, examine
Intervention /ˌɪntəˈvɛnʃən /: action taken
to intentionally become involved in
a difficult situationin order to improve it or prevent it from
getting worse
Motivate /ˈməʊtɪveɪt /: to make someone want to do
something well
synonyms: prompt, drive, move, inspire, stimulate
Initial /ɪˈnɪʃəl /: existing or occurring at the beginning
synonyms: beginning, opening, commencing, starting
Allowance /əˈlaʊəns /: the amount of something that is
permitted
synonyms: , allocation, quota, share
Advocate /ˈædvəkɪt /: publicly recommend or support.
synonyms: recommend, prescribe, advise, urge
Noteworthy /ˈnəʊtˌwɜːði /: interesting, significant, or
unusual.
Murder /ˈmɜːdə /: the unlawful killing of one human being

by another
synonyms: killing, homicide, assassination

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary
aggression and violence. The best solution is to turn
it off.

Vol.5 - Technology
leveled off /ˈlɛvld ɒf /: stops rising or falling and stays at
the same level
synonyms: unchanging, steady, unvarying, even
implies /ɪmˈplaɪz /: (of a fact or occurrence) suggest
(something) as a logical consequence
promotes /prəˈməʊts /: support or actively encourage.
synonyms: encourage, advocate, further, advance,
assist, aid, help
inconsequential /ɪnˌkɒnsɪˈkwɛnʃəl /: not important or
significant.
viable /ˈvaɪəbl / : capable of working successfully; feasible.
inhibit /ɪnˈhɪbɪt /: hinder, restrain, or prevent (an action or
process).

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

Air conditioning

The history of an invention that makes life more pleasant
Willis Carrier designed the first air-conditioning unit in
1902, just a year after graduating from Cornell
University with a Masters in Engineering.
At a Brooklyn printing plant, fluctuations in heat and
moisture were causing the size of the printing paper
to keep changing slightly, making it hard to align
different colours. Carrier’s invention made it possible
to control temperature and humidity levels and so
align the colours. The invention also allowed
industries such as film, processed food, textiles and
pharmaceuticals to improve the quality of their
products.
In 1914, the first air-conditioning device was installed
in a private house. However, its size, similar to that of
an early computer, meant it took up too much space
to come into widespread use, and later models, such
as the Weathermaker, which Carrier brought out in the
1920s, cost too much for most people. Cooling for
human comfort, rather than industrial need, really took
off when three air conditioners were installed in the
J.L. Hudson Department Store in Detroit, Michigan.
People crowded into the shop to experience the new
invention. The fashion spread from department stores

to cinemas, whose income rose steeply as a result of
the comfort they provided.
To start with, money-conscious employers regarded
air conditioning as a luxury. They considered that if
they were paying people to work, they should not be
paying for them to be comfortable as well. So in the
1940s and ’50s, the industry started putting out a
different message about its product: according to their

Fluctuations /ˌflʌktjʊˈeɪʃənz / : an irregular rising and
falling in number or amount; a variation
synonyms: variation, change, shift, alteration, swing
Moisture /ˈmɔɪsʧə /: water or other liquid diffused in a
small quantity as vapor
synonyms: wetness, wet, water, liquid, condensation,
dew, steam, vapor, dampness, damp
Align /əˈlaɪn /: has a correct relationship to something else
Humidity /hju(ː)ˈmɪdɪti /: a quantity representing the
amount of water vapor in the atmosphere or a gas
Textiles /ˈtɛkstaɪlz /: cloth or woven fabric
Pharmaceuticals/ˌfɑːməˈsjuːtɪkəlz/: companies
manufacturing medicinal drugs
Widespread /ˈwaɪdsprɛd/: found or distributed over a large
area or number of people
synonyms: general, extensive, universal,
common, global, worldwide
Steeply /ˈstiːpli /: by a very large or sudden amount

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary
research, installing air conditioning increased
productivity amongst employees. They found that
typists increased their output by 24% when
transferred from a regular office to a cooled one.
Another study into office working conditions, which
was carried out in the late ’50s, showed that the
majority of companies cited air conditioning as the
single most important contributor to efficiency in
offices.
However, air conditioning has its critics. Jed Brown,
an environmentalist, complains that air conditioning
is a factor in global warming. Unfortunately, he adds,
because air conditioning leads to higher temperatures,
people have to use it even more. However, he admits
that it provides a healthier environment for many
people in the heat of summer.

Vol.5 - Technology
Productivity /ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvɪti /: the effectiveness of effort
synonyms: efficiency, work rate
Cited /ˈsaɪtɪd/: mention as an example
synonyms: refer to, make reference to, mention, allude
to, adduce, instance
Critics /ˈkrɪtɪks/: a person who expresses an unfavorable
opinion of something
synonyms: reviewer, commentator, evaluator,
analyst, judge, pundit

Complains /kəmˈpleɪnz /: express dissatisfaction or
annoyance about a state of affairs or an event.
synonyms: protest, grumble, whine, bleat, carp,
cavil, grouse, make a fuss

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

The electric revolution

Your next car may be electric. We look at the
technologies that will bring the revolution.

Urban /ˈɜːbən / : in, relating to, or characteristic of a city or
town

The main reasons why electric cars are not more
popular at present are their price and their relatively
small range. Existing battery systems only allow
electric cars to travel a distance of between 100 and
160 km. However, this distance may not be a
problem for urban drivers. A recent Sydney study
reported that 20 percent of journeys were 30 km or
less, and recent data from the US suggests that 20
percent of trips taken there are 48 km or less.


synonyms: town, city, municipal, civic, metropolitan,
built-up, inner-city, downtown, suburban

An innovative company called Better Place is
aiming to make electric cars an option for all drivers.
It wants to see existing vehicles replaced by electric
vehicles which, it says, offer a number of benefits.
Firstly, they can be powered by renewable energy
which produces zero emissions. What is more,
electric motors are more efficient and can convert
more than 90 percent of power into movement,
whereas the efficiency of diesel or petrol engines is
less than 20 percent. To achieve its aim, Better Place
plans to use technology which is already available.

Aiming /ˈeɪmɪŋ /: have the intention of achieving.

The plan is simple but revolutionary. It starts with the
installation of a home charge point, and through
this, the vehicle will be plugged into the electricity
grid whenever it is in the garage, typically at night. In
the morning, with a fully charged battery, the car is
capable of as much as 160 km in urban motoring
conditions. In addition to the home charge point, the
battery can be topped up by charge points at work
and at supermarkets.
The battery is linked to a control centre by smart
technology inside the vehicle. Better Place can then
ensure that the car is charged with electricity from


Innovative /ɪnˈnɒvətɪv /: featuring new methods;
advanced and original
synonyms: original, fresh, unusual, unprecedented

synonyms: work toward, be after, set one's sights on, try
for, strive for, aspire to
Emissions /ɪˈmɪʃənz /: the production and discharge of
something, especially gas or radiation
synonyms: discharge, release, outpouring, leak
Convert /ˈkɒnvɜːt /: cause to change in form, character, or
function.
synonyms: change, turn, transform
Installation /ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃən /:
an occasion when equipment, furniture, or
a computer programis put into position or made ready to
use.
topped up /tɒpt ʌp/:
the act of adding liquid/power in order to fill to

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary
renewable sources at the cheapest price. For longer
trips, a navigation system directs the driver to the
nearest switch station, where the depleted battery
can be replaced with a charged one by a robot within
a couple of minutes.


Vol.5 - Technology
the top a container
navigation /ˌnævɪˈgeɪʃən /:
the act of directing a ship, aircraft, etc. from one place to
another
depleted /dɪˈpliːtɪd/: use up the supply or resources of
synonyms: exhaust, consume, expend, drain, empty

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

The power of the big screen

A
The Lumière Brothers opened their
Cinématographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in
Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago,
on December 8, 1895. Before the eyes of the
stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to
life and moved across a flat screen.
B
So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it
takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp
the impact of those first moving images. But it is

worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of
those images is to understand the extraordinary
power and magic of cinema, the unique,
hypnotic quality that has made film the most
dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.
C
One of the Lumière Brothers' earliest films was a
30-second piece which showed a section of a
railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train
appears and heads straight for the camera. And that
is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei
Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film
artists, described the film as a 'work of genius'.
'As the train approached,' wrote Tarkovsky, 'panic
started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away.
That was the moment when cinema was born. The
frightened audience could not accept that they
were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still,
only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality.
In their confusion, they feared that a real train was

Stunned /stʌnd/ : very shocked or surprised
Thrilled /θrɪld / : extremely happy about something
Grasp /grɑːsp / :
to understand something, especially something difficult
synonyms: understand, comprehend, follow,
take in, perceive
Hypnotic /hɪpˈnɒtɪk /: Thơi miên
synonyms: compelling, enthralling, captivating,
charming

Panic /ˈpỉnɪk /: sudden uncontrollable fear or anxiety, often
causing wildly unthinking behavior.
synonyms: alarm, anxiety, nervousness, fear, fright,
trepidation, dread, terror
Frightened /ˈfraɪtnd /: feeling fear or worry

Confusion /kənˈfjuːʒən /: lack of understanding; uncertainty
synonyms: uncertainty, incertitude, unsureness,
doubt, ignorance

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

about to crush them.'
D
Early cinema audiences often experienced the
same confusion. In time, the idea of film became
familiar, the magic was accepted -but it never
stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique
power to embrace its audiences and transport them
to a different world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that
magic was the way in which cinema created
a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still
picture could only imply the existence of time, while
time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader.

But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was
captured.

Crush /krʌʃ /: to press something very hard so that it
is broken or its shape isdestroyed

Familiar /fəˈmɪliə /: easy to recognize because of
being seen, met, heard, etc. before

Existence /ɪgˈzɪstəns /: the fact of something or
someone existing
Whim /wɪm/: a sudden desire or change of mind, especially
one that is unusual or unexplained

E
One effect of this realism was to educate the world
about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller.
Long before people travelled to America or
anywhere else, they knew what other places looked
like; they knew how other people worked and
lived. Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded - at
least in film fiction — have been American. From the
earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has
dominated the world film market. American imagery
- the cars, the cities, the cowboys - became the
primary imagery of film. Film carried American life
and values around the globe.
F
And, thanks to film, future generations will know the
20th century more intimately than any other period.

We can only imagine what life was like in the 14lh
century or in classical Greece. But the life of the
modern world has been recorded on film in
massive, encyclopaedic detail. We shall be
known better than any preceding generations.
G
The 'star' was another natural consequence of
cinema. The cinema star was effectively born in
1910. Film personalities have such an immediate
presence that, inevitably, they become super-real.
Because we watch them so closely and because
everybody in the world seems to know who they
are, they appear more real to us than we do
ourselves. The star as magnified human self is one
of cinema's most strange and enduring legacies.
H
Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the
idea of the story. When the Lumière Brothers and
other pioneers began showing off this new
invention, it was by no means obvious how it would
be used. All that mattered at first was the wonder

Imagery /ˈɪmɪʤəri /: the use of words
or pictures in books, films, paintings, etc. to describe
ideas or situations
Globe /ˈgləʊb /: the earth
Massive /ˈmæsɪv /: exceptionally large
Encyclopaedic /ɛnˌsaɪkləʊˈpiːdɪk/: comprehensive in terms
of information
Preceding /pri(ː)ˈsiːdɪŋ /: previous, prior, former

Inevitably /ɪnˈɛvɪtəbli / : as is certain to happen;
unavoidably
synonyms: naturally, necessarily, automatically
Magnified /ˈmægnɪfaɪd /: increase or exaggerate the
importance or effect of
Enduring /ɪnˈdjʊərɪŋ/: continuing or long-lasting
Legacies /ˈlɛgəsiz /: something that is
a part of your history or that remains from anearlier time
synonyms: bequest, inheritance, heritage,
endowment
Pioneers /ˌpaɪəˈnɪəz /: a person who is among the first to

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

of movement. Indeed, some said that, once
this novelty had worn off, cinema would
fade away. It was no more than a
passing gimmick, a fairground attraction.

research and develop a new area of knowledge or activity

I

Novelty /ˈnɒvəlti /: something that has not

been experienced before and so isinteresting

Cinema might, for example, have become primarily
a documentary form. Or it might have developed like
television - as a strange, noisy transfer of music,
information and narrative. But what happened was
that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium
for telling stories. Originally these were conceived
as short stories - early producers doubted the ability
of audiences to concentrate for more than the length
of a reel. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was
hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the
novel-length narrative that remains the dominant
cinematic convention of today.

synonyms: developer, innovator

worn off /wɔːn ɒf /: If a feeling or the effect of
something wears off, it graduallydisappears
fade away /feɪd əˈweɪ /:
to slowly disappear, lose importance, or become weaker
gimmick /ˈgɪmɪk /: a trick or device intended to attract
attention, publicity, or business.
fairground // : an outdoor area where a fair (hội chợ) is
held.

J

medium /ˈmiːdiəm /: means, way, method


And it has all happened so quickly. Almost
unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train
arrived and the audience screamed and fled,
convinced by the dangerous reality of what they
saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world
could never be the same again - that, maybe, it
could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more
real than reality.

conceived /kənˈsiːvd /: to imagine something
reel /riːl /: a part of a movie.
narrative /ˈnærətɪv /: a story or a description of events
dominant /ˈdɒmɪnənt / more important, strong,
or noticeable than anything else of the same type
cinematic /sɪnəˈmætɪk /: relating to the cinema
aware /əˈweə /: having knowledge or perception of a
situation or fact
astonishing /əsˈtɒnɪʃɪŋ /: extremely surprising or
impressive; amazing

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary

Vol.5 - Technology

Reading in a whole new way


As technology improves, how does the act of reading
change?

Constantly /ˈkɒnstəntli / : continuously over a period of
time; always

Reading and writing, like all technologies, are
constantly changing. In ancient times, authors often
dictated their books. Dictation sounded like an
uninterrupted series of words, so scribes wrote
these down in one long continuous string, just as
they occur in speech. For this reason, text was
written without spaces between words until the 11th
century.

Dictated /dɪkˈteɪtɪd /: say or read aloud

This continuous script made books hard to read, so
only a few people were accomplished at reading
them aloud to others. Being able to read silently to
yourself was considered an amazing talent; writing
was an even rarer skill. In fact, in 15th-century
Europe, only one in 20 adult males could write.

Scribes /skraɪbz /: a writer, especially a journalist

After Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press in
about 1440, mass-produced books changed the
way people read and wrote. The technology of
printing increased the number of words available,

and more types of media, such as newspapers and
magazines, broadened what was written about.
Authors no longer had to produce scholarly works, as
was common until then, but could write, for example,
inexpensive, heart-rending love stories or publish
autobiographies, even if they were unknown.

synonyms: expert, skilled, skillful, masterly,
successful, virtuoso, master

In time, the power of the written word gave birth to
the idea of authority and expertise. Laws were
compiled into official documents, contracts were
written down and nothing was valid unless it was in
this form. Painting, music, architecture, dance were
all important, but the heartbeat of many cultures was

Uninterrupted /ˌʌnˌɪntəˈrʌptɪd /: without a break in
continuity
synonyms: unbroken, continuous, continual,
constant, nonstop, ceaseless

String /strɪŋ /: piece of text consisting ofletters, numbers,
or symbols
Accomplished /əˈkɒmplɪʃt /: highly trained or skilled

Rare /ˈreər /: not occurring very often
mass-produced /ˈmæsprəˌdjuːst /: produce large
quantities of (a standardized article) by an automated
mechanical process

heart-rending /ˈhɑːtˌrɛndɪŋ /: causing great sadness or
distress
autobiographies/ˌɔːtəʊbaɪˈɒgrəfiz/: an account/record of a
person's life written by that person
compiled /kəmˈpaɪld /: produce (something, especially a
list, report, or book) by assembling information collected

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary
the turning pages of a book. By the early 19th
century, public libraries had been built in many cities.
Today, words are to migrating from paper computers,
phones, laptops and game consoles.
Some 4.5 billion digital screens illuminate our lives.
Letters are no longer fixed in black ink on paper, but
flitter on a glass surface in a rainbow of colors as fast
as our eyes can blink. Screens fill our pockets,
briefcases, cars, living-room walls and the sides of
buildings. They sit in front of us when we work regardless of what we do. And of course, these
newly ubiquitous screens have changed how we
read and write.
The first screens that overtook culture, several
decades ago - the big, fat, warm tubes of television reduced the time we spent reading to such an extent
that it seemed as if reading and writing were over.
Educators and parents worried deeply that the TV
generation would be unable to write. But the
interconnected, cool, thin displays of computer

screens launched an epidemic of writing that
continues to swell. As a consequence, the amount of
time people spend reading has almost tripled
since 1980. By 2008, the World Wide Web contained
more than a trillion pages, and that total grows
rapidly every day.
But it is not book reading or newspaper reading, it is
screen reading. Screens are always on, and, unlike
books, we never stop staring at them. This new
platform is very visual, and it is gradually merging
words with moving images. You might think of this
new medium as books we watch, or television we
read. We also use screens to present data, and this
encourages numeracy: visualising data and
reading charts, looking at pictures and symbols are
all part of this new literacy.
Screens engage our bodies, too. The most we may
do while reading a book is to flip the pages or turn
over a corner, but when we use a screen, we interact
with what we see. In the futuristic movie Minority
Report, the main character stands in front of a screen
and hunts through huge amounts of information as if
conducting an orchestra. Just as it seemed strange
five centuries ago to see someone read silently, in
the future it will seem strange to read without moving
your body.
In addition, screens encourage more utilitarian
(practical) thinking. A new idea or unfamiliar fact will
cause a reflex to do something: to research a word,
to question your screen ‘friends’ for their opinions or

to find alternative views. Book reading strengthened
our analytical skills, encouraging us to think carefully
about how we feel. Screen reading, on the other
hand, encourages quick responses, associating this
idea with another, equipping us to deal with the

Vol.5 - Technology
from other sources.

illuminate /ɪˈljuːmɪneɪt /: light up.

regardless /rɪˈgɑːdlɪs /: without paying attention to
synonyms: anyway, anyhow, in any
case, nevertheless, nonetheless
ubiquitous /ju(ː)ˈbɪkwɪtəs /: present, appearing, or found
everywhere.
overtook /ˌəʊvəˈtʊk / : become greater or more successful
than
synonyms: outstrip, surpass, overshadow,
eclipse, outshine, outclass
epidemic /ˌɛpɪˈdɛmɪk /: a sudden, widespread occurrence
of a particular undesirable phenomenon
synonyms: spate, rash, wave, eruption, outbreak, craze
swell / swɛl /: become or make greater in intensity,
number, amount, or volume
synonyms: grow, enlarge, increase, expand, rise,
escalate, multiply, proliferate, snowball
merging /ˈmɜːʤɪŋ /: combine or cause to combine to form
a single thing/product/entity.
synonyms: join (together), join forces, amalgamate, unite

numeracy /ˈnjuːmərəsi/: the ability to understand and work
with numbers
visualising / ˈvɪzjʊəlaɪzɪŋ /:
form a mental image of; imagine
literacy / ˈlɪtərəsi /: the ability to read and write
futuristic / ˌfjuːʧəˈrɪstɪk /: (of a film or book) set in the
future, typically in a world of advanced or menacing
technology
reflex / ˈriːflɛks /: Phản xạ
analytical /ˌænəˈlɪtɪkəl/: relating to or using analysis or
logical reasoning

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Thầy Kiên iFIGHT– Lean Vocabulary
thousands of new thoughts expressed every day. For
example, we review a movie for our friends while we
watch it; we read the owner’s manual of a device we
see in a shop before we purchase it, rather than after
we get home and discover that it can’t do what we
need it to do.
Screens provoke action instead of persuasion.
Propaganda is less effective, and false information
is hard to deliver in a world of screens because while
misinformation travels fast, corrections do, too. On a
screen, it is often easier to correct a falsehood than
to tell one in the first place. Wikipedia works so well
because it removes an error in a single click. In

books, we find a revealed truth; on the screen, we
assemble our own truth from pieces. What is more,
a screen can reveal the inner nature of things.
Waving the camera eye of a smartphone over the bar
code of a manufactured product reveals its price,
origins and even relevant comments by other
owners. It is as if the screen displays the object’s
intangible essence. A popular children’s toy
(Webkinz) instills stuffed animals with a virtual
character that is ‘hidden’ inside; a screen enables
children to play with this inner character online in a
virtual world.
In the near future, screens will be the first place we’ll
look for answers, for friends, for news, for meaning,
for our sense of who we are and who we can be.

Vol.5 - Technology
equipping / ɪˈkwɪpɪŋ /: prepare (someone) for a particular
situation or task
synonyms: prepare, qualify, suit, train, ready
provoke / prəˈvəʊk /:
to cause a particular reaction or feeling (especially negative
one)
Propaganda / ˌprɒpəˈgændə /: information, especially of a
biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a
particular political cause or point of view
falsehood / ˈfɔːlshʊd /: the state of being untrue.
synonyms: lie, untruth, fib, falsification, fabrication
revealed / rɪˈviːld /: make (previously unknown or secret
information) known to others.

synonyms: divulge, disclose, tell
assemble / əˈsɛmbl /: bring (people or things) together for
a common purpose.
relevant / ˈrel.ə.vənt /: closely connected or appropriate to
what is being done or considered
Synonyms: pertinent, applicable, apposite
intangible / ɪnˈtænʤəbl /: difficult or impossible to define
or understand, vague and abstract.
essence / ˈɛsns/: the intrinsic nature or indispensable
quality of something, especially something abstract, that
determines its character.
instills / ɪnˈstɪlz /: gradually but firmly establish (an idea or
attitude, especially a desirable one) in a person's mind.

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25