WRITING-TASK-2-IDEA-VOCABULARY
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IDEAS AND VOCABULARY
FOR WRITING TASK 2
Compiled by Minh Trang
EDUCATION
1. MIỄN HỌC PHÍ
= abolish tuition fees = waive tuition
= cover higher education tuition
= tuition waiver (1 dạng hộc bổng) miễn học phí
= free-college policy (n) chính sách miễn học phí đại học
= provision of free-of-charge education
= pursue college without fee
= be entitled to free university
= subsidize college education: hỗ trợ học phí đại học
= wholly subsidize tertiary education
= make university free of charge
= abolition of university tuition: miễn học phí đại học
2. TIỂU HỌC: elementary/primary/grade school
ĐẠI HỌC: University education = higher education = college = tertiary education =
educational institution (cơ sở giáo dục, có thể là mẫu giáo hoặc tiểu học đến đại học)
BẰNG ĐẠI HỌC: University degree = bachelor’s degree = college qualification = tertiary
degree
SINH VIÊN TỐT NGHIỆP: university graduates = bachelor’s degree holders = acquisition
of a tertiary degree >< people without any qualifications
New graduates // Recent graduates //
undergraduates
// postgraduate: học viên cao học// doctorate: bằng tiến sĩ
HỌC: attend / pursue/ study
Pursue college = embark on higher education (bắt đầu việc học đại học)
= enroll in university
FORMAL SCHOOLING: giáo dục chính quy, trường lớp chính quy
GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE: tổng tỉ lệ nhập học
Become occupied with their intense study schedules → leave children too tired to do
further study
3. TRƯỜNG HỌC 1 HOẶC 2 GIỚI
● separate
schools = single-sex
schools/education
gender schools/education: trường 1 giới
=
single-
● mixed schools = mixed-sex schools/education = mixed-gender
schools/education = integrated schools/education
= co-ed schools/education: trường 2 giới
send sb to........đưa ai đó tới đâu
study at ....school = e..school = enter...education =choose...school: học tại đâu
● opposite-sex classmates: bạn khác giới
● co-existence and gender equality: sự cùng tồn tại và sự bình đẳng giới
● explore each other’s perspectives, their similarities and differences: khám phá
sự khác nhau/giống nhau và quan điểm của người khác
4. GIỚI TÍNH VÀ GIÁO DỤC
<< dựa vào giới tính để nhập học sao cho cân bằng>>
Men and women should have the same educational opportunities
= the selection of university students should be based on merits << dựa trên thành
tích>>
5. CÂN BẰNG TỈ LỆ GIỚI TÍNH Ở TRƯỜNG HỌC
Accept equal numbers of male and female students
= accept equal proportions of each gender
= have the same number of men and women on all degree courses
= a university: fill courses with equal numbers of males and females
= to aim for equal proportions
= to base admission to university courses on gender
= a selection procedure based on gender
6. CÂN BẰNG GIỚI TÍNH Ở TRƯỜNG LÀ KO KHẢ THI
Adj: be simply unrealistic/ be not practical / be difficult to V/ be impractical
and unfair
● Many courses: more popular with one gender than the other
→ NURSING COURSES: attract more female applicants
● A woman: the best candidate for a place on a course → it is surely wrong to
reject her in favor of a male student with lower grades + fewer qualifications
7. TÌM VIỆC LÀM ĐỐI VỚI SINH VIÊN (job seekers)
● Employment opportunities
● Establish sb’s career path
● Have a financially viable career: make a lot of money
● Stand a better chance of [getting a high-paying job/ landing higher-paid jobs/
finding well-remunerated work]+ bettering their life quality
=> A more educated workforce
=> The financial abundance
OR: provide more job opportunities, career progression, better salaries, and
therefore an improved quality of life
● An increasingly competitive labor market → no longer feasible for sb to find a job
● The larger influx of graduates into the labor market → rising youth unemployment
=> miễn học phí là COUNTER-PRODUCTIVE to job guarantee.
● Secure employment → make a candidate more employable
-Firms: increasingly look beyond the technical expertise ( chuyên môn thuần
túy) and qualifications of applicants
-Employers: attach greater importance to/ place heavy emphasis on attributes
like ADAPTABILITY/ CREATIVITY/ COLLABORATIVE SKILLS
8. TỔN HẠI NGÂN SÁCH NHÀ NƯỚC
The enormous cost incurred to cover st:
=> PUT A STRAIN ON GOVERNMENT COFFERS (plural: kho bạc nhà nước)
=> leading to BUDGET DEFICITS, TAX HIKES (= tax increase), or REDUCED WELFARE
9. THÀNH TÍCH HỌC TẬP TỐT/ KÉM
HIGH-PERFORMING STUDENTS = TOP STUDENTS
Attain better academic results
deteriorating / poor + academic performance
Gain high-achieving academic result
Be indifferent to their study: thờ ơ với việc học củ
Make significant academic progress
Lose their dive to work hard
Improve students’ academic performance
Skip class/ miss exams
Be inclined to study in earnest: có khuynh hướng làm gì rất nghiêm túc
[[[ note: be inclined to V = be likely to V]]]
Apply themselves to getting good grades: chuyên tâm
để đạt được điểm tốt
*fall behind in their study
* face peer pressure → drain their self-confid
=> lose momentum + find it hard to
resume their education
10.
1 NĂM KHÔNG HỌC (high school senior)
Take a gap year = gap-year taker = spare several months
= defer university enrollment (to travel or work)
● Defer doing st: delay st until a later time
= delay tertiary education for one year
= have a long-year break prior to embarking on higher education
= HAVE A BREAK (nghỉ ngơi) from studying after graduating from high school
= TAKING TIME OFF at the important age
11.
TRẢI NGHIỆM NHỮNG THỨ MỚI MẺ
● Afford sb time to travel + immerse themselves in alien cultures
=> enrich their life experiences + hone practical
skills [[[note: Afford sb st = provide sb
st]]]
Ex. Living abroad: adapt quickly to their independent life
pick up new foreign languages
=> HAVE A BROADER VIEW OF LIFE AND BETTER PERSONAL RESOURCES TO
DRAW ON (có cái nhìn mở hơn về cuộc sống rộng và kinh nghiệm cá nhân tốt
hơn để dựa vào). => giving them an advantage in terms of COPING WITH THE
CHALLENGES OF STUDENT LIFE
—> as a by-product, sb become very knowledgeable about st
=> BROADEN THEIR HORIZONS
12.
NGƯỜI TRẺ THIẾU KIẾN THỨC QUẢN LÝ TÀI CHÍNH
LEAVING SCHOOL WITHOUT A BASIC AND VITAL UNDERSTANDING OF HOW PERSONAL
FINANCES OUGHT TO BE MANAGED
= young people ARE UNABLE TO MANAGE THEIR OWN FINANCES UPON
FINISHING HIGH SCHOOL
13.
LÝ DO NGƯỜI TRẺ THIẾU KIẾN THỨC QUẢN LÝ TÀI CHÍNH <
● they have been living with their parents for free
→ never needed to earn a salary + save their money → to pay bills.
● Schools FOCUS INSTEAD ON classic subjects → IMPORTANT LIFE
SKILLS ARE NOT BEING TAUGHT
⇒ Both teachers and parents ARE FAILING TO PREPARE YOUNG PEOPLE FOR
REAL WORLD
14.
CÁCH GIẢI QUYẾT VẤN ĐỀ
<<EQUIPPING SCHOOL LEAVERS WITH THE RIGHT SKILLS>>
● teaching them HOW MONEY IS EARNED, BUDGETED AND USED FOR
EITHER SAVINGS OR EXPENSES
- teaching young children how to manage their pocket money
- EXPAND INTO MORE SERIOUS HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES
● INCORPORATE LIFE SKILLS INTO THEIR CURRICULUM for final year
students
→ children: be able to learn in a supportive environment how their
finances need to be budgeted and managed TO AVOID DEBT PROBLEMS
LATER IN LIFE
15.
HỌC ĐẠI HỌC hay NHẢY VÀO LÀM LUÔN
Teenagers face the dilemma of whether to get a job or continue their education
Get a job straight after school
= the option to start work straight after
school
= decide to find work, rather than continue
their studies
Go to college and university
= continue their studies
= continue their studies beyond school
level
*Sb: start earning money as soon as
possible
→ independent → will be able to afford
their own house/ start a family
*Sb: may progress quickly
→gain real experience/ learn
practical skills related to their
chosen profession → lead to
promotions and a successful career
16.
*Academic
qualifications:
required in many professions
be
( impossible to be a doctor/
teacher/ lawyer without having the
relevant degree) → tend to earn
higher salaries than those with
fewer qualifications
*The job market is becoming
increasingly
competitive
→
hundreds of applicants for one
position in a company
→ young people: do not have
qualifications from a university or
college → not be able to compete
XÁC ĐỊNH ĐƯỢC “CON ĐƯỜNG” MÌNH SẼ ĐI
● High schools: provide inadequate career guidance
OR: young adult who passes directly from school to university: BE RESTRICTED IN
TERMS OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD
Spare several months looking for job opportunities
+ attending vocational training courses
+ cultivating relevant job skills
+ gain hands-on experience
=> empower students to identify a suitable career path
=> chance to achieve sb’s full potential.
=> GET A CLEAR PERSPECTIVE OF (có góc nhìn rõ ràng về…) what they are hoping to
do with their lives and why
17.
THEO ĐUỔI CON ĐƯỜNG SỰ NGHIỆP
Pursue career path
Work commitment: tinh thần Trách nhiệm, tận tâm với công việc
Have time for establishing sb’s career + financial stability
18.
NGHỈ HỌC 1 NĂM THÌ KHÁ KHĨ ĐỂ QUAY LẠI
Young adults: + END UP NEVER RETURNING TO THEIR STUDIES
+ Find it difficult to difficult to RE-ADAPT TO AN
ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT
19.
MƠN HỌC GÌ NÊN ĐƯỢC CHO VÀO TRONG CHƯƠNG TRÌNH HỌC
SUBJECT should be included in the curriculum
= the curriculum should be dedicated to SUBJECT
= SUBJECT should be taught at school
= schools should incorporate + subject + into their curriculum
20.
MƠN HỌC
Các cách gọi mơn ở trường ĐH:
Certain key subject areas = university courses
= particular university subjects = areas of knowledge
= a focus on …. in higher education
>< preferred areas of study = the course of sb’s choice
Academic subjects (science, maths,..) = discipline that will be directly relevant to
one’s occupation in the future = core subjects = science subjects = science-based
subjects = key subject areas
= a focus on technology in higher education
Non-academic subjects: arts subject/ art-based subjects
-cultivate qualities (ADAPTABILITY/ CREATIVITY/ COLLABORATIVE SKILLS) (playing
music, competing in team sports,...)
-allow young talents in athletic and artistic fields to be discovered
21.
HỌC ĐỦ CÁC MƠN ĐỂ GIÚP TRẺ PHÁT TRIỂN TỒN DIỆN
The provision of both academic, music and sports education: mandatory for an allrounded growth of young students
→ Ensure the adequate physical and mental development of the next generation
22.
KHAI PHÁ TIỀM NĂM
THIÊN TÀI
● Musically inclined individuals: những cá nhân có khuynh hướng âm nhạc
= sb be endowed with an aptitude for sport: được phú cho 1 tài năng gì đó
= have an aptitude for st: có khả năng thiên phú nào đó
= children with extraordinary talents
→ chance to achieve sb’s full potential
→ Young children’s INNATE ABILITIES (khả năng bẩm sinh) should be
HARNESSED (khai thác) to make these benefits more achievable.
Music + sports: treated as an extracurricular activity
23.
TẦM QUAN TRỌNG CỦA ART
art PLAYS A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN SOCIETY
artists are able to EXPRESS THEIR THOUGHTS AND THEIR CULTURE IN
THEIR WORK
24.
TRẺ EM CÓ NÊN HỌC ART KO ?????
develop creativity and learn to express themselves in their artwork
<
● PROMOTE THEIR CREATIVITY AND IMAGINATION
Children (when they REACH ADULTHOOD): STRUGGLE TO GROW INTO
DYNAMIC, INDIVIDUAL THINKERS (Without the development of
imagination and creative thinking)
● studying art: NURTURE THEIR TALENTS
● practicing art: provides a medium through which they can express their
emotions and feelings
Ex. young children: not HAVE THE LINGUISTIC CAPABILITIES → put
their ideas into language and thus communicate directly
=> able to CONVEY MEANING THROUGH PICTURES AND SYMBOLS
25.
KO NÊN VÌ DẠY ART MÀ ẢNH HƯỞNG ĐẾN MÔN KHÁC
● it SHOULD NOT BE TAUGHT TO THE DETRIMENT OF OTHER SUBJECTS
= this should not result in more focus being placed on art rather than other
subjects
= FACILITATE A HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT BOTH MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY
→ Children: HAVE A BALANCE OF ALL SUBJECTS → FACILITATE A HEALTHY
DEVELOPMENT BOTH MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY
26.
LỢI ÍCH CỦA HỌC NGƠN NGỮ TỪ TIỂU HỌC
● INTRODUCING THEM EARLIER/ EARLY EXPOSURE TO LANGUAGE
LEARNING a.young children PICK UP LANGUAGES much more easily than
teenagers
→ THEIR BRAINS ARE STILL PROGRAMMED TO ACQUIRE THEIR MOTHER
TONGUE → which FACILITATES LEARNING ANOTHER LANGUAGE
● ####Adolescents: ARE NOT INHIBITED BY SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS (không
hạn chế bởi sự tự ý thức
b.The greater flexibility of the primary timetable → allows for more frequent,
shorter sessions and for A PLAY-CENTERED APPROACH →MAINTAINING
LEARNERS’ ENTHUSIASM AND PROGRESS
=> THEIR COMMAND OF THE LANGUAGE (khả năng thông thạo ngôn ngữ của
chúng) in later life → benefit from this early exposure
c.learning other languages: subsequently will be easier for them → gain a better
understanding of other cultures
27.
BẤT LỢI CỦA HỌC NGÔN NGỮ TỪ TIỂU HỌC
secondary schools: BE FACED WITH A GREAT VARIETY OF LEVELS IN DIFFERENT
LANGUAGES WITHIN THEIR INTAKE (đối mặt với tình trạng năng lực ngơn ngữ
đầu vào khơng đồng đều)
→ a classroom: experience which UNDOES THE EARLIER GAINS
→ enthusiastic primary pupils: become DEMOTIVATED
28.
MÔN LỊCH SỬ
The subject of history = history = history education
29.
HỌC LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA MÌNH
Learn history of their own country = learn local history
= discovery local historical legacies
= be aware of/ be alive to their roots
= learn exclusively about national history
= learn more about historic events that took place in sb’s community
= studying history of their own country, instead of that of the world
= the national history should be prioritized
= put/place heavy emphasis on children learning about local history
30.
HỌC LỊCH SỬ THẾ GIỚI
Have a good grasp of foreign countries’ history
= teach children about/ acquire insights into + events that took place in other parts
of the world
= learn world history offers for greater benefits to schoolchildren
= learn history of other societies in the world
>< lack knowledge about st
31.
LỢI ÍCH CỦA HỌC LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA
● Lay foundations for further development of their own country
● Be aware of their roots → instill a sense of patriotism in sb -> foster an
appreciation for their national heritages => be more willing to defend and
contribute to their country
● Make a great contribution to: fostering confidence + national pride + patriotism
+ personality << phẩm chất >> of Vietnamese people
MỌI NGƯỜI KO COI TRỌNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA THÌ SAO (- -)
● People: lack knowledge about national history → not respect their own
traditions
● History education: be sadly lacking in most school → children:
superficial understanding about their ancestors’ past achievements and
sacrifice
=> indifferent to national current affairs
32.
LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC HỌC LỊCH SỬ THẾ GIỚI
● Have a good grasp of foreign countries’ history → respect cultural differences ⇒
be key to mutual understanding + cooperation among nations
● Learn exclusively about national history → cause sb to be biased + harbor
hostile feelings about foreign people
Ex. History education: features how Vietnam fought against foreign armies
→ mislead sb into thinking st + develop a distorted thinking
=> sb’s outlook: more impartial (thoroughly understand those wars in the world
context)
= Give a holistic perspective of what happened in their localities
33.
HỌC SINH NÊN HỌC LỊCH SỬ VÀ VĂN HỌC CỦA ĐẤT NƯỚC MÌNH
children should study first and foremost the great books and historical
events of their own countries
= schools should focus on teaching national literature and history
= GROUND THEIR PUPILS IN THE LOCAL CULTURE (đưa học sinh đến với văn
hóa trong nước)
LỢI ÍCH:
● studying the ideas, culture and history of their own countries →
DEVELOP A SENSE OF IDENTITY
● AN EMPHASIS ON NATIONAL LITERATURE AND HISTORY
→ GIVES EDUCATORS A NARROWER TEACHING SCOPE → MAKING
CURRICULUM DESIGN AN EASIER TASK
34.
BẤT LỢI CỦA HỌC LỊCH SỬ VÀ VĂN HỌC NƯỚC NGOÀI
(COVER ASPECTS OF FOREIGN HISTORY AND LITERATURE )
- the study of global events and foreign novels: CAUSE UNNECESSARY
DIFFICULTY AND CONFUSION FOR SCHOOL PUPILS
- EXPOSURE TO INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE : require the teaching of a
foreign language or the use of translations
Young people: ARE SIMPLY NOT READY FOR SUCH COMPLICATIONS
35.
NGUYÊN NHÂN HỌC DỐT LỊCH SỬ
- Be largely ignored by a large number of students
The contents of history curricula + textbooks : be overloaded + lack reality
=> lack interest in history subject => sb be ignorant about national current affairs
36.
HỌC ONLINE vs HỌC TRỰC TIẾP
E-learning = internet-based learning
= Virtual learning
= web-based classes
= online learning
= learning on the Internet online courses provider
= learn at the comfort of one’s own home
= virtual environment
= the advent of online classes
= online university courses
Physical classrooms
= Traditional classroom model
= Be taught face to face by actual teachers
= conventional classrooms
= learning in a classroom
= conventional learning
= traditional courses
In-person meeting/events
EDUCATIONAUTHORITIES:usethe
Internet to deliver schooling online.
37.
LỢI ÍCH CỦA LỚP HỌC TRỰC TIẾP
● Certain fields: require physical interaction
→ Disciplines (Chemistry/ Engineering): involve elaborate lab set-up and equipment:
cơ sở vật chất và dụng cụ thí nghiệm phức tạp
● Classroom dynamics: tương tác trong lớp học
→ The interactive activities + live discussions in physical lecture → improve sb’s
interpersonal skills = two-way interaction
38.
LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC HỌC ONLINE
● Allow learners to study in a flexible way → work whenever and wherever is
convenient ( overcome time constraints/limits + geographical boundaries:
helpful in rural and remote areas)
+ cover the material at their own pace
● The cost of a university education: be greatly reduced
The revenues for institutions may increase
● Offer open access to anybody who is willing to study, regardless of age,
location, ability, and background
39.
BẤT LỢI CỦA HỌC ONLINE
● Less direct interaction
Not have the opportunity to engage face-to-face with their teachers → will instead
have to rely on written-forms of communication
Students: do not come into direct contact with each other → negative impacts on
peer support, discussion and exchange of ideas.
Online learners: be restricted to chatting through website forum areas (diễn đàn
trực tuyến)
→ lack the motivation and element of competition that face-to-face group work
brings
40.
LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC LÀM GÌ ONLINE
a.Cost-efficient
Cover running costs/ numerous expenses
run a bricks-and-mortar operation → space (mặt bằng)/ administrative staff/ salaries/
electricity/ rent
b.help sb overcome time constraints/limits + geographical boundaries (helpful in
rural and remote areas)
41.
BẤT LỢI CỦA LÀM GÌ ONLINE
● to require high levels of discipline and commitment → to have no supervision
and restrictions
- to easily get distracted by things like movies/ online games/…
→ to negatively affect their work performance and productivity
● might experience feelings of loneliness and isolation sometimes
—> to have less chance to interact and communicate directly with their
colleagues and clients
⇒ to be difficult to develop social skills (communication, teamwork skills,...)
42.
GIAO BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ
The setting homework
= sb be given homework by their teachers
= setting homework
= do further study
<<<Homework is an unnecessary burden on children>>
43.
ĐÓNG VAI TRÒ QUAN TRỌNG TRONG GIÁO DỤC
St be a necessary aspect of education
= st play an important role in the education of children
= st has an important role to play in the schooling of children
44.
CẢI THIỆN KẾT QUẢ GIÁO DỤC
- (so do nothing to) improve educational outcomes
- Improve/enhance educational quality (v)
= increased educational quality (n ph)
= enhance academic achievements
= both the learners and the educators can achieve higher academically
>< the classroom learning environment may be detrimentally affected
45.
LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC GIAO BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ
- Encourage independent learning and problem solving
→ Children are challenged to work through tasks alone and at their own pace
→ apply the knowledge they have learned in the classroom
=>consolidate their understanding of the concepts taught by their teachers at
school
⇒ develop an independent study habit → prepare them to work alone as
adults.
46.
CHỈ TRÍCH GIÁO VIÊN
Make comments or even criticism on their teachers
= evaluate and criticize their educators
= judge teachers
= express their thoughts and feelings towards teachers
47.
MẤT ĐI SỰ TÔN TRỌNG VÀ KỈ LUẬT TRONG LỚP HỌC
Lead to Loss of respect and discipline
= disrespect and indiscipline are an unavoidable outcome of this approach
= undermine students’ sense of respect and discipline
= respect for teacher may be lost
= disrespect and lack of discipline
= some classes may experience some initial instability
48.
HỌC SINH PHÁ LỚP
+High school students: generally immature and inexperienced
→ lose their temper + overreact each them they are disciplined by teachers
+ Students see their peers criticizing the teachers
→ think of such action as the right way to behave + start to imitate it
49.
GIÁO DỤC CHO PHÉP HỌC SINH ĐK GÓP Ý VỚI GIÁO VIÊN
-Promote student-centered teaching with two-way communication
→ Open discussions between teachers and students on any topic ( teaching
methodology + the effectiveness of the teaching programmes)
= receive feedback from students
→ students: more proactive in studying
→ teachers: better their pedagogical skills << Kĩ năng sư phạm>> /ˌpedəˈɡɑːdʒɪk/
50.
SỐNG Ở TRƯỜNG
● (most colleges are concentrated in urban centers
→ daily commute: difficult for those who live in rural areas or even
suburban residents)
● Live in dormitory = = stay in a dormitory = live on campus = board at school
= on-campus housing = choose on-campus residences
51.
LỢI ÍCH CỦA SỐNG Ở TRƯỜNG
foster personal growth = foster the all-round personal development
- students with discrepant << /di'skrepənt/
to make compromises
khác biệt>> preferences: learn
- Assume << đảm đương>> responsibility in all aspect of life
→ Teach students to be more independent (manage their personal finances
+ take care of their own nutritional needs)
= acquire skills necessary for self-reliance ( financial management + problemsolving + meal planning + home management )
[acquire: to gain something by your own efforts, ability or behavior]
= become more self-reliant ← have to budget+cook for themselves
- have easy access to libraries + various learning resources (readily available at
university)
52.
SỐNG Ở NHÀ
Live with their parents ( be more accommodating << sẵn sàng giúp đỡ>>) Be
over-reliant on their parents
53.
HỌC ĐỦ CÁC MÔN ĐỂ GIÚP TRẺ PHÁT TRIỂN TOÀN DIỆN
The provision of both academic, music and sports education: mandatory for an allrounded growth of young students
Ensure the adequate physical and mental development of the next generation
54.
HỌC ĐÚNG SAI KHI CÒN NHỎ
One important stage in a child’s growth: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A
CONSCIENCE << lương tâm>>
( BE LINKED TO THE ABILITY TO TELL RIGHT FROM WRONG)
55.
PHẠT CON TRẺ LÀ KO TỐT
● punish a very young child: IS BOTH WRONG AND FOOLISH
- AN INFANT: not understand what is happening or why he or she is being
punished
- ONCE THE AGE OF REASON IS REACHED (một khi đã đến độ tuổi biết
phân biệt đúng sai)
→ child: be REWARDED FOR GOOD BEHAVIOUR (được thưởng vì cư xử
tốt) + DISCOURAGED FROM BAD
- HARSH PUNISHMENTS: ENTAIL MANY NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES
UNINTENDED BY THE PARENTS
56.
CÁC CÁCH ĐỂ DẠY CON TRẺ BIẾT ĐÚNG SAI
a. PROVIDE GOOD ROLE MODELLING IN THEIR OWN BEHAVIOUR (làm tấm
gương tốt trong chính hành vi của họ).
b. IF SANCTIONS ARE NEEDED (nếu hình phạt là cần thiết), THE
PUNISHMENT SHOULD NOT BE OF A PHYSICAL NATURE (không nên
trừng phạt về mặt thể chất)
→ MERELY SENDS THE MESSAGE THAT: IT IS ACCEPTABLE FOR
LARGER PEOPLE TO HIT SMALLER ONES
=> the child: start to BULLY OTHERS
c. teachers and parents: USE A VARIETY OF METHODS TO DISCIPLINE
THEIR YOUNG CHARGES, SUCH AS DETENTION, WITHDRAWAL OF
PRIVILEGES, AND TIME-OUT (sử dụng đa dạng phương pháp để kỷ luật
những đứa trẻ như là phạt không cho ra ngoài, rút lại các quyền lợi và
thời gian chơi).
→ MAKING THE PUNISHMENT FIT THE CRIME (đưa ra hình phạt tương
xứng với lỗi lầm mà trẻ mắc phải)
Ex. children: being made to PICK UP RUBBISH THEY HAVE DROPPED/
CLEANED UP GRAFFITI THEY HAVE DRAWN/ APOLOGIZE TO SOMEONE
THEY HAVE HURT
→ leads to much better future behavior than does punishment.
57.
TRẺ EM PHẢI LÀM VIỆC CỰC NHỌC
THE KIND OF WORK UNDERTAKEN
- Young children: do ARDUOUS /ˈɑːrdʒuəs/ AND REPETITIVE TASKS on A
FACTORY PRODUCTION LINE
(dây chuyền sản xuất ở nhà máy)
- THERE ARE HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED
→ employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money
by paying them less than adults → EXPLOITATION
58.
LÝ DO TRẺ EM PHẢI LÀM VIỆC CỰC NHỌC
● their families:
need THE ADDITIONAL INCOME → CONTRIBUTE TO
THE FAMILY INCOME
● IN BETTER ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES → few parents: send their
children out to FULL-TIME PAID WORK
→ having LIGHT, PART-TIME JOBS → LEARNING RESPONSIBILITIES
AND WORK EXPERIENCE: important
● helping their parents around the family home (unpaid) → of OF VALUE IN
CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT
59.
MIỄN THUẾ CHO AI
- Not be required to pay taxes
= reduce taxes for sb
= sb were given a tax discount
= financial/tax concessions should not be made for sb
[NOTE: concession: a reduction in an amount of money that has to be paid]
CÁC VIỆC CẦN XỬ LÝ KHI MIỄN THUẾ:
+ Calculate the correct amount of tax reduction for sb
+ Staff would be required to manage this complex process
+ Poorer people pay higher taxes than the rich
60.
ĐĨNG THUẾ ĐỂ HỖ TRỢ TRƯỜNG CƠNG (trong trường hợp bố mẹ gửi con
đến trường tư)
- Be beneficial for all members of society to have a high-quality education
system with equal opportunities for all young people
→ a well-educated workforce, and in turn a more productive and
prosperous nation
=> A well-funded education system << 1 hệ thống GD đk hỗ trợ>>
→ provide well qualified and competent staff <nhân viên giỏi, có trình độ>>
61.
XÃ HỘI BÌNH ĐẲNG - KHƠNG BÌNH ĐẲNG
An egalitarian society /iˌɡælɪˈteriən/
= everyone has the same rights and the same opportunities
= Equal rights
= equality
= live in a fair society
→ Feel more motivated to work hard + reach their full potential
###Inequality
→ lose their motivation to succeed
→ would be more likely to demotivate people because they know that the odds of
success were stacked in favor of those from privileged backgrounds
62.
BÌNH ĐẲNG TRONG GIÁO DỤC → THÀNH CÔNG
(Education → personal success in life )
● Have access to free schooling
= higher education should be either free or affordable for all those who chose
to pursue a university degree
>< without free schooling + affordable higher education
KHƠNG BÌNH ĐẲNG TRONG GIÁO DỤC
Young adults from wealthier families: have access to the best learning opportunities
→ be better prepared for the job market
⇒ ensure the success of some BUT harm the prospects of others
63.
BẮT HỌC SINH LÀM CÔNG VIỆC TÌNH NGUYỆN
- Work on a volunteer basis = work for free and help others
- Force all teenagers to do unpaid work
= oblige young people to do unpaid work
= be given the added responsibility of working in their spare time
>< should not make this compulsory
It goes against the values of a free and fair society to force a group of people to do
something against their will → only lead to resentment amongst young people
64.
HỌC SINH RẤT BẬN HỌC
Most young people: are already under enough pressure with their studies
- School is just as demanding as a full-time job
- Teachers expect their students to do homework and exam revision on top of
attending lessons every day
→ have some free time → we should encourage them to enjoy it with their friends/ spend
it doing sports or leisure activities
<< THEY HAVE MANY YEARS OF WORK AHEAD OF THEM WHEN THEY FINISH THEIR
STUDIES>>
65.
CĨ ÍCH CHO XÃ HỘI
Benefit both the individual teenager and society as a whole
= society has anything to gain from doing st
WORK
66.
HẠNH PHÚC RẤT KHÓ ĐỊNH NGHĨA
THE PERSONAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO DESCRIBE
= Happiness is difficult to define
= almost IMPOSSIBLE TO GIVE A PRECISE DEFINITION OF HAPPINESS
67.
MỖI NGƯỜI CÓ 1 KHÁI NIỆM VỀ HẠNH PHÚC KHÁC NHAU
it means something different to each individual person
= sb feels happy in a variety of different ways.
= people INTERPRETED HAPPINESS FOR THEMSELVES
NOBODY CAN
FEELINGS
68.
FULLY
UNDERSTAND
OR EXPERIENCE
ANOTHER PERSON’S
NHỮNG THỨ KHIẾN MỌI NGƯỜI HẠNH PHÚC
Have our own particular passions (take pleasure)
While some people LINK HAPPINESS TO WEALTH AND MATERIAL SUCCESS
- SPIRITUAL PATHS (định hướng về mặt tinh thần) >< THE MATERIAL
WORLD >< relationships with people,
+ DERIVE A SENSE OF SATISFACTION FROM EARNING MONEY or
achieving success
+ health and family are much more important →
LOVING RELATIONSHIPS
- A RANGE OF OTHER
FEELINGS,
FROM EXCITEMENT
TO PEACEFULNESS: be associated with the idea of happiness
- good health +
the skills to EARN A LIVING +
A
PEACEFUL ENVIRONMENT
>< GETTING ANNOYED ABOUT TRIVIAL THINGS
69.CÁC YẾU TỐ ĐỂ ĐẠT ĐK HẠNH PHÚC (some basic preconditions to
achieving it. )
● our basic needs for shelter, food and company need to be fulfilled
- HAVE A SAFE PLACE TO LIVE AND ENOUGH FOOD TO EAT → OUR BASIC
SURVIVAL NEEDS: must surely be met before we can lead a pleasant life.
● the greatest joy in life → be found in shared experiences with family and
friends
● BE INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM + A SENSE OF PURPOSE IN LIFE
Experience happiness = lead a pleasant life = the greatest joy in life
70.
CHÍNH PHỦ NÊN ĐƯA RA 1 MỨC LƯƠNG TỐI ĐA
=governments to set a limit on the wages of the highest earners in society
= introduce a maximum wage
= employee remuneration should be capped at a certain level
= introduce a limit on earnings
= a maximum wage limit on extremely high earners
= a maximum wage legislation was adopted
= Setting a limit on earnings
71.
LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC ĐẶT 1 MỨC LƯƠNG
● THE PAY-GAP between bosses and employees: be reduced
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL AND TOP SALARIES: huge
→ demotivate workers who feel that the situation is unfair
● With lower executive salaries: feasible to INTRODUCE HIGHER MINIMUM
WAGES → everybody would be better off
● possible consequence of greater equality: POVERTY AND CRIME RATES fall
← THE GENERAL POPULATION: EXPERIENCE AN IMPROVED STANDARD OF LIVING
=> Many studies show that countries with a narrower income gap often have
lower poverty and crime rates than those experiencing growing economic
inequality.
● The decrease in income inequality would have beneficial effects on firms and
society as a whole.
o Companies might cut a huge sum spent on executives’ salaries, and thus
have more to invest in other important aspects, such as marketing and
promotions, which help increase sales figures.
72.
KIẾM TIỀN THEO KHẢ NĂNG
allow people to earn as much as companies are willing to pay
= allow people to be paid extremely high salaries
= companies offer excellent pay packages
=paying high salaries
=have the freedom to earn as much as they can
73.
LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC CHO PHÉP KIẾM TIỀN THEO KHẢ NĂNG
+ attract the most talented people in their fields to work for them
Ex. technology companies like Google are able to EMPLOY THE BEST
PROGRAMMERS because of THE HUGE SUMS because of THE HUGE SUMS
+ these WELL-PAID EMPLOYEES BE HIGHLY MOTIVATED TO WORK HARD
→ DRIVE THEIR BUSINESSES SUCCESSFULLY
→ RESULT IN A
THRIVING ECONOMY/ increased tax revenues
74.
BẤT LỢI CỦA VIỆC ĐẶT RA 1 MỨC LƯƠNG
● Setting a limit on earnings: encourage the most skilled workers, who make
significant contributions to their companies, to leave and work in a foreign
country.
● This brain drain of the top employees would cause enterprises and the
economy great damage.
- The absence of a skilled executive, for example, might cause a company
a loss of thousands of dollars, and it would take quite a long time to hire
another one.
