Handbook of Adhesion
Second Edition

Handbook of Adhesion, Second Edition. D. E. Packham
 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., ISBN: 0-471-80874-1 (HB)


Handbook of Adhesion
Second Edition
D. E. Packham
University of Bath, Bath, UK

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Copyright  2005

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Handbook of adhesion /[edited by] D. E. Packham. – 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13 978-0-471-80874-9 (cloth: alk. paper)
ISBN-10 0-471-80874-1 (cloth: alk. paper)
1. Adhesives – Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Adhesion – Handbooks, manuals,
etc. I. Packham, D. E. (David Ernest), 1939TP968.H34 2006
668 .3 – dc22
2004023727
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN-13 978-0-471-80874-9 (HB)
ISBN-10 0-471-80874-1 (HB)

Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

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Contents

Preface to the second edition

vii–viii

Preface to the first edition

ix–x

Introduction

xi–xii

List of articles – alphabetical

xiii–xxvi

List of articles – classified

xxvii–xlviii


List of contributors

xlix–liv

Handbook entries

1–622

Appendix

623–628

Index

629–638

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Preface to the second edition
The original edition of the Handbook of Adhesion was published in 1992. It was intended
to fill a gap between the necessarily simplified treatment of the student textbook and the
full and thorough treatment of the research monograph and review article. It provided
concise and authoritative articles covering many aspects of the science and technology
associated with adhesion and adhesives. The articles were structured in such a way, with
internal cross-references and external literature references, that the reader could build up
a broader and deeper understanding, as the particular need required.
Since the first edition went out of print, there has been a continuing demand for the
book, and Wiley agreed to publish a second edition, again under my editorship. The short
article format of the first edition has been retained. Some of the articles are derived from

the earlier edition and have been revised and updated where needed. There are many new
articles covering developments that have risen in prominence in the intervening years.
An increasing environmental awareness is one of the developments throughout this
period: time and again authors draw attention to the environmental impact of adhesive
technologies. It is interesting to note that, in the period 1992–2004, sales of adhesives
and sealants in the United States has increased by around 5% per annum. Sales in other
industrialized countries are likely to be similar. These are the sorts of figures for growth
about which business corporations boast in their annual reports. Yet, in the same period,
many indicators of environmental well-being continued to deteriorate. Atmospheric carbon
dioxide concentrations increased by 5% and “extreme” weather events became more
frequent. In both the United States and Europe, the incidence of asthma doubled.
This raises some disconcerting issues. Are our endeavours to reduce organic vapour
emissions, to eliminate chromates, and so forth (repeated, mutatis mutandis, throughout
industry), really sufficient to prevent an environmental crisis? Perhaps serious questions
of sustainability and of limits to growth now have to be faced seriously.
The task of assembling nearly 250 articles from well over 60 authors has been formidable
and I am grateful to the publishers and, in particular, to Jenny Cossham and Lynette James
for their patience and to the authors for their cooperation. An increasingly dirigiste management culture has spread from industry into the quasi-privatized civil service and now into
universities. This brings with it a narrow perception of the role and purpose of science and
of research, which makes the production of material for a book such as this increasingly
difficult. Its achievement is a credit to the dedication of authors involved.

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viii

Preface to the second edition

In an attempt to keep the style of the book uniform throughout, all the articles have

been subject to editorial modification, so the final form of the text, including errors, is the
Editor’s responsibility. There are a few first edition articles that, for a variety of reasons,
the original authors were not able to update. I have revised these myself and indicated
this by placing an asterisk (*) after the original authors’ names.
D. E. PACKHAM
University of Bath
August, 2004

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Preface to the first edition
There is a long and valuable tradition of members of academic staff of universities acting
as authors and editors of reference works written for the benefit of the general public
as a whole or of sections of it with specialized interests. This is one way in which a
university repays its debt to the society that sustains it. Thus, when asked by the series
editors if I would act as editor for the Handbook of Adhesion, I agreed to do so. It was not
without misgivings that I gave my agreement. I was somewhat overawed at the prospect of
commissioning some 200 articles from over 50 authors in industry and higher education
and then relating the articles to one another in a single book with consistent style. In
practice, the job was lightened by the enormous support given to me by the publishers’
staff, particularly Dr Michael Rogers and Dr Paula Turner, and also by the series editors,
Professor David Briggs and Dr Derek Brewis. I would also like to thank the individual
authors for their patience with my editorial idiosyncrasies. In an attempt to keep the style
of the book consistent, it has sometimes been necessary to modify articles in a way that
individual authors would not have chosen. I must emphasize that the responsibility for
the final form of the text, including the errors, is mine.
This book, then, represents the fruits of fifty to sixty authors drawn from universities and
industry. Such an authorship is unexceptional: there are hundreds of books resulting from
collaboration like this in many areas of pure science, applied science and engineering.

In the past decade, in the United Kingdom, there has been an enormous emphasis on the
importance of universities collaborating with industry and serving its needs. This emphasis
has been backed up by Government financial policies designed to make universities change
their ways. Many of the practices of industry have been introduced into universities, with
the result that increasingly the performance of academics is being judged in terms of cash
they can bring in from research contracts and the income they can raise by selling their
services in the marketplace. It is ironical that the hard canons of market forces being
imposed on universities will mean that collaborative ventures, such as this book, will
become things of the past: they are bound to fail the market criterion of cost effectiveness.
The changes being urged on universities represent much more than a trimming of the
sails to the winds of political change. They represent a determined effort to change their
fundamental values radically, or, in the more percussive language used recently by the
leader of a powerful pressure group, “to break the academic mould”. If this happens, books
of this sort will be among the lesser casualties of the breaking of the academic mould.
D. E. PACKHAM

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Introduction
Scope of the Handbook
The Handbook of Adhesion is intended as a book of reference in the field of adhesion.
Adhesion is a phenomenon of interest in diverse scientific disciplines and of importance
in a wide range of technologies. Therefore, the scope of this handbook includes the background science (physics, chemistry and materials science) and engineering and aspects
of adhesion relevant to the use of adhesives, sealants and mastics, paints and coatings,
printing and composite materials.

Intended readership
The book will be of value to professional people of many different backgrounds who
need to have an understanding of various facets of adhesion. These will include those

working in research, development or design, as well as others involved with marketing or
technical service. The first edition proved to be a valuable resource for both undergraduate
and research students. This book is intended as a reference work for all those needing a
quick, but authoritative, discussion of topics in the field of adhesion, broadly interpreted.
It is intended for scientists and engineers qualified at national certificate or degree level.
The aim has been to write it so that a detailed knowledge of individual science and
engineering disciplines is not required.

Length of articles
The Handbook has been designed so that it is easy to retrieve the information required,
whether this is confined to a single point or it is more extensive. Thus, articles are arranged
alphabetically and it has been the editorial policy for each article to be, as far as possible,
intelligible on its own, and to limit its length to around three pages, which can be quickly
assimilated. Many enquirers will want more extensive information than a single article can
provide. For this reason, there is copious cross-referencing to related articles elsewhere in
the Handbook, and a comprehensive index. Cross-references are shown by giving titles
of articles in bold.

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xii

Introduction

Literature references
The literature references at the end of the articles are intended to give further information
to the general enquirer, so where possible, they list authoritative reviews, monographs or
textbooks, rather than original research papers. Those who need access to original papers
should easily find the reference through these secondary sources. The Appendix gives

concise guidance on literature and information sources.

Broader study
As well as providing an answer to a specific query, the Handbook can be used for
a broader study of topics in adhesion. For this reason a Classified list of articles is
provided (p. xxvii) where articles on related topics are grouped together and arranged in
a logical sequence for reading.

How to use the Handbook
Detailed instructions on use of the Handbook are given inside the front cover. Crossreferences are shown by giving titles to articles in bold.

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List of articles – alphabetical

Abrasion treatment
adhesion

J F WATTS Removal of loose layers, roughening, improved

Accelerated ageing
environments

G W CRITCHLOW Shear and wedge tests, humidity, corrosive

Acid–base interactions: introduction
Drago equation

D E PACKHAM Relation to work of adhesion,


Acid–base surface energy parameters D E PACKHAM Surface energy components
Acids D E PACKHAM Concept of acid – Brønsted–Lewis, conjugate bases-electron
donor/acceptor
Acrylic adhesives B KNEAFSEY Basic material, setting mechanism, applications,
advantages, disadvantages
Adhesion D E PACKHAM Etymology, usage – qualitative, quantitative, practical,
theoretical, bonds at interface
Adhesion – fundamental and practical D E PACKHAM Relationship between joint
strength and interfacial forces
Adhesion in dentistry: orthodontics and prosthodontics
applications
Adhesion in dentistry: restorative materials
materials

M SHERRIFF Dental

M SHERRIFF Polymers as filling

Adhesion in medicine M E R SHANAHAN Macroscopic level (e.g. prostheses) and
cellular level
Adhesive classification

B C COPE Classified by setting mode and chemical nature

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xiv


List of articles – alphabetical

Adhesives – historical perspective M W PASCOE Adhesives before the industrial age
Adhesives for textile fibre bonding
tyres, belts and hose

A J G SAGAR Non-woven materials, flocking,

Adhesives in textile coating laminating and printing A J G SAGAR Types of
adhesive for coated fabrics, lamination, seaming, carpets and pigment printing
Adhesives in the textile industry
Adsorption theory of adhesion
bonds
Aerospace applications

A J G SAGAR Applications and adhesive types
K W ALLEN Adsorption via primary or secondary

D G DIXON Adhesives used: structures bonded

Alkyl-2 cyanoacrylates J GUTHRIE Monomer synthesis; polymerization
Anaerobic adhesives D P MELODY Chemical constitution, applications
Animal glues and technical gelatins
Anodizing

C A FINCH Origin and uses

D E PACKHAM As a pre-treatment: different electrolytes and uses

Atomic force microscopy


G J LEGGETT Basis, scope limitations

Auger electron spectroscopy
problems
Automotive applications

J F WATTS

Basis of technique, application to adhesion

A MADDISON Types of adhesive used, advantages

Autophoretic primers N WHITEHOUSE Aqueous dispersions containing acids that
deposit corrosion-resistant films
Blister test

D E PACKHAM Use, theory, variations

Bonds between atoms and molecules D E PACKHAM Classification of primary and
secondary bonds
Cathodic disbondment
environment
Chain polymerization
adhesives

J F WATTS Failure of bonds to ferrous alloys in an aqueous

J COMYN Initiation, propagation termination; application to


Climbing drum peel test K B ARMSTRONG Peeling of metal sheet, for example,
skin from honeycomb
Coextrusion R J ASHLEY Production of a laminate in a single process

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List of articles – alphabetical

xv

Compatibility J COMYN Free energy of mixing; solubility parameter; diffusion;
weak boundary layers
Composite materials D E PACKHAM General introduction – emphasis of crucial
role of interfacial adhesion
Contact adhesives J M MART´IN MART´INEZ Plasticized CR or NR adhesives
Contact angle

J F PADDAY

Young’s equation; nature of the contact angle; roughness

Contact angle measurement J F PADDAY Techniques – where applicable;
precautions needed to get reproducibility
Contact angles and interfacial tension D E PACKHAM Young’s equation; work of
adhesion, interfacial tension and surface energy
Conversion coating
treatments

G W CRITCHLOW Phosphate, chromate and alkali oxide


Corona discharge treatment
especially to polyolefins

D BRIGGS Form of plasma treatment applied,

Creep A D CROCOMBE Occurrence; protection against creep failure
Critical surface tension
to surface energy

D E PACKHAM Measurement; typical values; relationship

Cyanoacrylate adhesives J GUTHRIE Anionic polymerization, additives,
applications, advantages and disadvantages
Degreasing J F WATTS

Solvent, alkali and emulsion cleaners; efficiency

Diffusion theory of adhesion
weight dependence

K W ALLEN Polymer/polymer autohesion, molecular

Dispensing of adhesives C WATSON Techniques used industrially for the application
of adhesives to surfaces to be bonded
Dispersion forces K W ALLEN Nature of dispersion forces, ubiquity,
energy–distance relationships; Lennard–Jones potential
Displacement mechanisms D M BREWIS Displacement of organic contaminants
from high-energy surfaces by adhesives
Durability: creep rupture D A DILLARD Creep under sustained stress

Durability: fatigue

D A DILLARD Effect of cyclic loads

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xvi

List of articles – alphabetical

Durability: fundamentals
pre-treatments

G W CRITCHLOW Modes of failure; water ingress;

Durability: sub-critical debonding D A DILLARD Deleterious effects water may
have on adhesion
Electrical adhesion K KENDALL Adhesion in a strong electrical field; applications
Electrochemical pre-treatment of polymers
treatment methods
Electron microscopy

D E PACKHAM TEM and STEM applied to adhesion studies

Electron probe microanalysis
science

B C COPE Basis of technique; examples in adhesion


Electrostatic theory of adhesion
applicability
Ellipsometry

R H DAHM Recently developed surface

R GREEF

K W ALLEN Outline of theory; discussions of

Theory, application to adhesion problems

Emulsion and dispersion adhesives G C PARKER Polyvinyl acetate and copolymers,
setting, advantages and disadvantages
Engineering design with adhesives C WATSON Advantages of use of adhesives:
specific examples of improved design
Engineering surfaces of metals J F WATTS Practical metallic surfaces are oxidized,
contaminated and rough: pre-treatments; adhesion
Environment and the impact of adhesive technology
energy, pollution
Environment: sustainability
to growth

D E PACKHAM Resources,

D E PACKHAM Considers depletion of resources, limits

Epoxide adhesives J A BISHOPP Basic resin types, applications
Epoxide adhesives: curatives J A BISHOPP Cross-linking agents
Etch primers


N WHITEHOUSE Chemical action; application to aluminium and steel

Ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymers D E PACKHAM Copolymer composition and
properties; hot melt and emulsion adhesives
Extrusion coating

R J ASHLEY Techniques and materials used

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List of articles – alphabetical

Fibre composites – introduction
surface treatment

xvii

B C COPE Fibre orientation, fibre–matrix interface;

Fibre composites – joining K B ARMSTRONG Thermoset matrices, peel-ply,
abrasion; thermoplastic matrices, corona discharge
Fibre composites – matrices and fibres B C COPE Scope of different fibre and
matrix materials
Fibre composites – processing techniques B C COPE Comparison of processing
methods
Fibre–matrix adhesion – assessment techniques
methods


F R JONES

Fibre–matrix adhesion – carbon fibres F R JONES
of surface treatment

Direct and indirect test

Structure of carbon fibre; effect

Fibre–matrix adhesion – glass fibres F R JONES Types of fibre: surface treatment
ˇ
´ S LUCI
ˇ C
´ BLAGOJEVIC
´ and
Filler–matrix adhesion V KOVACEVI
C,
M LESKOVAC Surface treatment of fillers and composite properties
Finite-element analysis
joints

A D CROCOMBE Principles and application to adhesive

Finite-element analysis: rubber
Flame treatment

M A WAHAB Application to highly elastic materials

D BRIGGS Pre-treatment of polymers, scope


FPL etch D E PACKHAM Sulphochromate treatment for Al; ductility; topography
Fractals

D E PACKHAM Concept of fractal lines and surfaces

Fractals and fractal dimension

D E PACKHAM Concept of fractal dimension

Fractals and surface roughness D E PACKHAM Measurement of fractal dimension,
relation to roughness factor
Fracture mechanics A J KINLOCH Basis: energy balance and stress-intensity factor
approaches
Fracture-mechanics test specimens A J KINLOCH Test methods for flexible and
rigid joints
Friction – adhesion aspects A D ROBERTS Influence of adhesion on friction;
Schallamach waves

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xviii

List of articles – alphabetical

Glass transition temperature D A TOD Property changes at Tg ; measurement; effect
of molecular structure and moisture
Good–Girifalco interaction parameter D E PACKHAM Definition of φ; evaluation
for “dispersion force” interface; interfacial tension; solid surface energies
Health and safety

information

M FAKLEY Hazards associated with adhesives: sources of

High-temperature adhesives S J SHAW
developments

Comparison of different types; recent

High-temperature stability principles D E PACKHAM Molecular structure and
thermal stability
Hot melt adhesives D M BREWIS Basic composition, advantages and disadvantages,
uses
Humidity

J COMYN Relative humidity, laboratory control of humidity

Hydrogen bonding D BRIGGS Nature and occurrence of hydrogen bonding, work of
adhesion, examples where important
Impact resistance
pre-treatment

A MADDISON Impact behaviour of different adhesives; effects of

Industrial applications of adhesives C WATSON Scope of adhesives; bonding
cylindrical components
Inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy
potential in the study of adhesion
Infrared spectroscopy


R R MALLIK Basis of technique – its

F J BOERIO IR and adhesion

Infrared spectroscopy: attenuated total reflection F J BOERIO ATR of surface region
Infrared spectroscopy: RAIR F J BOERIO Reflection–adsorption IR of surfaces
Internal stress K KENDALL Origin; effect on adhesion measurement; reduction of
internal stresses
Inverse gas chromatography

M-L ABEL and J E WATTS Basis of technique

Inverse gas chromatography and acid–base interactions
Use for assessing acid–base interactions

M-L ABEL and J E WATTS

JKR theory K KENDALL Basic equation of contact mechanics relating area of
contact to surface forces

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List of articles – alphabetical

Joint design – cylindrical joints
specimen calculation

xix


C WATSON Factors affecting joint performance;

Joint design – general C WATSON Flat and cylindrical joints; good and bad practice
Joint design: strength and fracture perspectives D A DILLARD Two approaches to
design of joints
Laminating
adhesives

R J ASHLEY Use of aqueous-based, solvent-based and hot melt

Lifshitz-van der Waals forces D E PACKHAM Basis of Lifshitz’ treatment of
secondary bonds
Mechanical theory of adhesion
influence on adhesion
Metallizing plastics

K W ALLEN Macro- and micro-interlocking;

R H DAHM Vapour and solution methods

Microfibrous surfaces D E PACKHAM Examples of preparation Fe, Cu, Zn. Use as
substrates in adhesion-energy dissipation
Microstructure of joints D E PACKHAM Microstructural features of adhesive and
substrate and their effect on adhesion
Moisture cure of adhesives J COMYN Cyanoacrylates and isocyanates
Mould adhesion – measurement D E PACKHAM Peel, blister, etc., for low adhesion
Mould adhesion and fouling
Napkin ring test

D E PACKHAM Relevant factors such as surface layers


D E PACKHAM Calculation of shear stress: refinements

Natural rubber-based adhesives J M MART´IN MART´INEZ Nature and properties
Nitrile rubber adhesives J M MART´IN MART´INEZ Nature and properties
Non-destructive testing of adhesively–bonded structures
techniques, resonance and pulse-echo testers

G J CURTIS Acoustic wave

Optical microscopy B C COPE Resolution; phase contrast; Nomanski differential
inference contrast
Packaging industry

R J ASHLEY Adhesives used, service requirements

Paint constitution and adhesion
mechanism

N WHITEHOUSE Binder, pigment, adhesion

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xx

Paint primers

List of articles – alphabetical


N WHITEHOUSE Function; make-up

Paint service properties and adhesion
weathering

N WHITEHOUSE Internal stress; testing;

Peel tests D E PACKHAM Peel force and peel energy; factors affecting peel energy;
angle variation
Phenolic adhesives: single-stage resoles J A BISHOPP Resoles; structure
modifications; uses
Phenolic adhesives: two-stage novolacs
modifications; uses
Plasma-polymerized coatings
range of organic precursors
Plasma pre-treatment
polymerization

J A BISHOPP Novolacs; structure

W J VAN OOIJ Production of polymer coatings from

D BRIGGS Plasmas from noble gases, reactive gases; plasma

Polar forces K W ALLEN Nature of Keesom and Debye forces, attraction constants;
Lennard–Jones potential
Polybenzimidazoles

S J SHAW Structure: use as high-temperature adhesive


Polychloroprene rubber adhesives: applications and properties
MART´INEZ Adhesion characteristics and applications
Polychloroprene rubber adhesives: modifiers and additives
Resin, tackifier, cross-linking agent addition
Polyether ether ketone
composites

J M MART´IN

J M MART´IN MART´INEZ

D A TOD High-temperature stability; use as matrix for fibre

Polyimide adhesives S J SHAW Condensation and thermoplastic polyimides, imide
prepolymers; high-temperature stability
Polymer diffusion: reptation and interdigitation
chain diffusion

R P WOOL Mechanisms for polymer

Polymer–polymer adhesion: incompatible interfaces R P WOOL Interdiffusion,
compatibilizers
Polymer–polymer adhesion: models R P WOOL “Nail” and vector percolation
models
Polymer–polymer adhesion: molecular weight dependence R P WOOL Fracture
energy and molecular weight

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List of articles – alphabetical

Polymer–polymer adhesion: weld strength
technology
Polyphenylquinoxalines
adhesive
Polyurethane

S J SHAW

xxi

R P WOOL Implications for moulding

Chemical constitution: use as high-temperature

G C PARKER Solvent-free and solvent-based systems, toxicology

Polyvinyl alcohol in adhesives C A FINCH Production and uses
Powder adhesion
consequences

K KENDALL Adhesion between fine powder particles: practical

Pressure-sensitive adhesives D W AUBREY Nature of pressure-sensitive adhesion,
materials used
Pressure-sensitive adhesives – adhesion properties D W AUBREY Shear and peel
strengths; tack tests
Pre-treatment of aluminium G W CRITCHLOW Chronic acid etch, chronic acid
anodizing, phosphoric acid anodizing; relative bond durability

Pre-treatment of copper D E PACKHAM Conventional and microfibrous surfaces
Pre-treatment of fluorocarbon polymers
chemical and plasma treatment

D M BREWIS Problems of these materials,

Pre-treatment of metals prior to bonding
and chemical treatments

G W CRITCHLOW Survey of mechanical

Pre-treatment of metals prior to painting
survey of common methods

N WHITEHOUSE Need for pre-treatment;

Pre-treatment of steel J F WATTS

Abrasion, pickling and conversion coatings

Pre-treatment of titanium G W CRITCHLOW Survey of important types of
pre-treatment and comparisons of bond durability
Pre-treatments of polymers
and plasma treatment
Pre-treatments of polyolefins
different treatment types

D M BREWIS Effects of solvent, mechanical, oxidative

D M BREWIS Polyolefins, scope and effects of


Primary bonding at the interface J F WATTS Examples in organic coatings,
metallized plastics and adhesion promoters

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xxii

List of articles – alphabetical

Primers for adhesive bonding
polymers
Primers for sealants

J A BISHOPP Types of primers for metals and

G B LOWE Types for porous and non-porous surfaces

Radiation-cured adhesives M FAKLEY Electron beam and UV curing systems:
advantages, disadvantages, uses
Reaction-setting adhesives D M BREWIS One- and two-part adhesives; applications
Release J S TONGE Examples where low adhesion needed – internal and external
release agents
Renewable sources of adhesives C A FINCH Non-fossil fuel sources, biotechnology
Repair methods K B ARMSTRONG Methods for composites and honeycomb panels
on large structures such as aircraft
Rheological theory
adhesive failure


D E PACKHAM Rheology and joint strength: the possibility of

Roughness and adhesion

D E PACKHAM How roughness affects adhesion

Roughness of surfaces D E PACKHAM Characterization of roughness, effect on
adhesion
Rubber fillers J A LINDSAY Role of fillers, non-reinforcing and reinforcing fillers,
adhesion aspects
Rubber to metal bonding – applications

G LAKE Tyres; bearings; durability

Rubber to metal bonding – basic techniques
bonding

P LEWIS In- and post-vulcanization

Rubber to metal bonding – pre-treatments P LEWIS Degreasing, mechanical
cleaning, chemical cleaning
Rubber to metal bonding – testing

J A LINDSAY Peel tests, tests in tension

Rubber to metal bonding: processing effects
mould design
Rubber: tyre cord adhesion

J A LINDSAY Importance of good


W J VAN OOIJ Adhesion to brass-coated steel

Rubber-based adhesives J M MART´IN MART´INEZ General introduction
Rubber-based adhesives: compounding

J M MART´IN MART´INEZ Formulations, etc.

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List of articles – alphabetical

Rubber-based adhesives: typical characteristics
Advantages

xxiii

J M MART´IN MART´INEZ

Scanning electron microscopy B C COPE Mode of operation, examples of use
Scanning probe microscopy

G J LEGGETT Basis and use

Scratch test D E PACKHAM Assessment of thin film adhesion
Sealant joint design J C BEECH Design of butt and lap joints
Sealants

G B LOWE Chemical composition, use


Sealants in double glazing

G B LOWE Types of materials, durability

Secondary ion mass spectrometry D BRIGGS Static, dynamic and imaging SIMS
Selection of adhesives D M BREWIS Setting time, initial performance, durability,
cost
Selection of joint sealants

J C BEECH Comparison and criteria for selection

Shear tests A D CROCOMBE Tests in tension and torsion
Silanes as metal pre-treatments W J VAN OOIJ Silanes, structure and effectiveness
Silane adhesion promoters
Silicone adhesion

D G DIXON Silanes, coupling agents, surface films

B PARBHOO Wide range of bond strength and applications

Silicone adhesives: addition cure B PARBHOO Cross-linking by addition reactions
Silicone adhesives: condensation cure B PARBHOO Cross-linking by step reactions
Silicones: properties B PARBHOO Range of properties
Silicones: structures

B PARBHOO Chemical structure

Solvent welding M WARWICK Scope, advantages and disadvantages
Solvent-based adhesives J PRITCHARD Aqueous- and organic solvent-based

adhesives; uses; advantages and disadvantages
Standards for adhesives and adhesion S MILLINGTON Discussion of scope and
background to national standards
Statistics

C CHATFIELD Data collection and analysis; quality control; reliability

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xxiv

List of articles – alphabetical

Step polymerization

J COMYN Application to adhesives

Stress distribution: beam on elastic foundation
joints

D A DILLARD Stresses in shear

Stress distribution: bond thickness D A DILLARD Adhesive thickness and fracture
energy
Stress distribution: mode of failure
energy and stress distribution

D A DILLARD Locus of failure depends on


Stress distribution: Poisson’s ratio
distribution

D A DILLARD Poisson contraction and stress

Stress distribution: shear lag solution

D A DILLARD Stresses in shear joints

Stress distribution: stress singularities
cracks

D A DILLARD Stress concentration – sharp

Structural adhesives B KNEAFSEY Properties required, adhesive types; applications
Surface analysis
spectroscopy

D BRIGGS Comparison of XPS, AES, SIMS and ion scattering

Surface characterization by contact angles – metals M E R SHANAHAN Use of
“one-liquid” and “two-liquids” methods
Surface characterization by contact angles – polymers M E R SHANAHAN Critical
surface tension, “one-liquid” and “two-liquids” methods
Surface energy D E PACKHAM Thermodynamic definitions of surface tension and
surface energy: connection with bond type
Surface energy components D E PACKHAM Dispersion and polar components;
geometric mean relationships; solid surface energies
Surface forces apparatus


A V POCIUS Adhesion measured via contact mechanics

Surface nature of polymers D BRIGGS Migration of additives and low molecular
weight fraction to the surface
Tack D W AUBREY Definition; cohesive, adhesive and autohesive tack; tackifier
resins
Tensile tests

D E PACKHAM Description, uneven stress distribution

Testing of adhesives D A TOD
thermal

Survey of tests including mechanical, rheological and

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List of articles – alphabetical

xxv

Tests of adhesion D A TOD Basic principles, effects of test parameters, peel, shear,
tensile, wedge test
Theories of adhesion K W ALLEN General introduction to mechanical, adsorption,
diffusion and electrostatic theories
Thermal analysis D E PACKHAM Differential scanning calorimetry – crystallinity,
heat of reaction, glass transition temperatures
Thermal spray coatings used for adhesion G D DAVIS and R A ZATORSKI As a
surface treatment

Thermal spray processes G D DAVIS and R A ZATORSKI Technique and equipment
Tie layers R J ASHLEY Uses in coextrusion to aid adhesion
Toughened acrylic adhesives B KNEAFSEY Setting mechanism; applications;
advantages and disadvantages
Toughened adhesives J GUTHRIE Mechanism of toughening; advantages and
disadvantages
Toughened epoxide adhesives J A BISHOPP Basis of toughening
Toughened epoxide adhesives: blend synergy
particles

J A BISHOPP Effects of two types of

Toughened epoxide adhesives: particle formation prior to cure J A BISHOPP A
toughening technology
Toughened epoxide adhesives: precipitation during cure J A BISHOPP The most
widely used method
Tyre cord adhesion

W J VAN OOIJ Adhesion to brass-coated steel

Underwater adhesives J M LANE Wetting problems; pre-treatments; durability
Viscoelasticity D W AUBREY Transient and dynamic viscoelastic functions;
Boltzmann superposition principle
Viscoelasticity – time–temperature superposition
equation
Weathering of adhesive joints
Weathering tests
Wedge test

D W AUBREY Shift factor, WLF


J SARGENT Exposure in temperate and tropical sites

S T TREDWELL Long-term exposure

D G DIXON Use of test for comparing joint durability

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xxvi

List of articles – alphabetical

Welding plastics – electromagnetic radiation
frequency, etc.

A BUXTON IR microwave, high

Welding plastics – external heat source A BUXTON Hot plate, impulse welding, etc.
Welding plastics – mechanical movement A BUXTON Frictional heating
Wetting and spreading M E R SHANAHAN Young’s equation, work of adhesion and
cohesion, spreading coefficient
Wetting and work of adhesion J F PADDAY Thermodynamic works of adhesion,
wetting, spreading and cohesion; Young’s equation
Wetting kinetics M E R SHANAHAN Spreading on a solid surface; capillary rise
Wood adhesives – aminoplastics

A PIZZI UF, MF and related adhesives


Wood adhesives – basics A PIZZI General introduction
Wood adhesives – hot melts

A PIZZI EVA and polyamide

Wood adhesives – isocyanates/urethanes A PIZZI Bonding to damp wood
Wood adhesives – phenolics A PIZZI Types and applications
Wood bonding by vibration welding A PIZZI Innovative technique for wood
Wood composites – adhesives B H PAXTON Scope for different adhesive types
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy D BRIGGS Basis of technique, application to
adhesion problems
Appendix: Literature and test methods D E PACKHAM Literature and information
sources, test methods

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List of articles – classified
General
Adhesion D E PACKHAM Etymology, usage – qualitative, quantitative, practical,
theoretical, bonds at interface
Adhesion – fundamental and practical D E PACKHAM Relationship between joint
strength and interfacial forces
Adhesives – historical perspective M W PASCOE Adhesives before the industrial age
Environment and the impact of adhesive technology
energy, pollution
Environment: sustainability
to growth

D E PACKHAM Resources,


D E PACKHAM Considers depletion of resources, limits

Renewable sources of adhesives C A FINCH Non-fossil fuel sources, biotechnology
Health and safety
information

M FAKLEY Hazards associated with adhesives: sources of

Statistics

C CHATFIELD Data collection and analysis; quality control; reliability

Fractals

D E PACKHAM Concept of fractal lines and surfaces

Fractals and fractal dimension

D E PACKHAM Concept of fractal dimension

Friction – adhesion aspects A D ROBERTS Influence of adhesion on friction;
Schallamach waves
Mould adhesion and fouling

D E PACKHAM Relevant factors such as surface layers

Acids D E PACKHAM Concept of acid – Brønsted–Lewis, conjugate bases-electron
donor/acceptor


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xxviii

List of articles – classified

Background materials science
Secondary bonds, surface energy, interfacial tension
Bonds between atoms and molecules D E PACKHAM Classification of primary and
secondary bonds
Dispersion forces K W ALLEN Nature of dispersion forces, ubiquity,
energy–distance relationships; Lennard–Jones potential
Polar forces K W ALLEN Nature of Keesom and Debye forces, attraction constants;
Lennard–Jones potential
Lifshitz–van der Waals forces
secondary bonds

D E PACKHAM Basis of Lifshitz’ treatment of

Acid–base interactions introduction
Drago equation

D E PACKHAM Relation to work of adhesion,

Hydrogen bonding D BRIGGS Nature and occurrence of hydrogen bonding, work of
adhesion, examples where important
JKR theory K KENDALL Basic equation of contact mechanics relating area of
contact to surface forces
Surface energy D E PACKHAM Thermodynamic definitions of surface tension and

surface energy: connection with bond type
Good–Girifalco interaction parameter D E PACKHAM Definition of φ; evaluation
for “dispersion force” interface; interfacial tension; solid surface energies
Surface energy components D E PACKHAM Dispersion and polar components;
geometric mean relationships; solid surface energies
Acid–base surface energy parameters
Contact angle

D E PACKHAM Surface energy components

J F PADDAY Young’s equation; nature of the contact angle; roughness

Contact angle measurement J F PADDAY Techniques – where applicable;
precautions needed to get reproducibility
Contact angles and interfacial tension D E PACKHAM Young’s equation; work of
adhesion, interfacial tension and surface energy
Surface characterization by contact angles – metals M E R SHANAHAN Use of
“one-liquid” and “two-liquids” methods
Surface characterization by contact angles – polymers M E R SHANAHAN Critical
surface tension, “one-liquid” and “two-liquids” methods

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