INTRODUCTION
1. Necessity of the research
Cao Bang is a province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. This is a particularly important
strategic area in terms of socio-economic, national defense, security and foreign affairs of Vietnam. In
addition, Cao Bang boasts relatively diverse mineral resources, with quite large reserves and of good
quality; 332 km of border with the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region - China, with 02 main border
gates (Ta Lung, Tra Linh), 04 auxiliary border gates (Soc Giang, Po Peo, Ly Van, Bi Ha). Cao Bang has
favorable conditions to develop the trade industry and can become a hub for goods transshipment
between China and ASEAN countries. However, the province's economy has not yet developed
commensurate with its existing potential. This result indicates a not really positive sign of the quality of
the province's export-oriented economic development policy.
Currently, in the context that Vietnam has been promoting economic integration, Cao Bang
identifies export-oriented economic development as one of the key and cross-cutting tasks of foreign
affairs. With many practical and effective external economic activities, in recent years, the province has
achieved many positive results in its economy, making significant contributions to the general socioeconomic development. Especially, according to the data of the Cao Bang Provincial Party Committee, in
the period 2016-2020, the total export turnover of goods through the province reached 10.2 billion USD,
up 175% compared to the period of 5 years ago. In particular, in 2020, the province's total export turnover
reached over 334 million USD, with the participation of 175 enterprises, an increase of nearly 50%
compared to the same period last year. In the next period, the Resolution of the 19th Party Congress of the
province for the 2020-2025 term also identified export-oriented economic development as one of the
strategic contents to promote the benefits of export-oriented economy. existing position of the province,
strive to increase on average 10% of total import-export turnover through the area each year, revenue from
border-gate economic activities accounts for over 30% of Cao Bang's total state budget revenue.
From the above reasons, we chose to implement "Export-oriented economic development
policy of Cao Bang province” as subject matter for our thesis.
2. Research objectives and missions
Research objective: Analyzing and assessing the current status of export-oriented economic
development policy of Cao Bang province, for proposing solutions to improve this policy in the period
2021 - 2025 and the following years till 2030.
Research tasks: The thesis focuses on a number of main research tasks as follows:
 Analyzing and evaluating the overview of research works related to export-oriented

economic development policy so as to identify the research gaps of the thesis.
 Systematizing basic theoretical issues and establishing a theoretical research model on
export-oriented economic development policy of a mountainous province.
 Analyzing and assessing the current situation of departmental policies and their impact on
the export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province; on that basis,
making general assessments of the results, achievements, shortcomings, limitations and
causes of the export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province.
 Proposing views, orientations and solutions to improve the export-oriented economic
development policy of Cao Bang province in the period 2021 - 2025 with a vision to 2030.
3. Research object and scope
The research object of the thesis is the theory and practice of sub-policies constituted the exportoriented economic development policy of the province/city of the country in general, and of Cao Bang
province in particular.
Research scope of the thesis:
• In terms of content, the thesis focuses on studying theoretical and practical bases, influencing
factors, departmental policies and the impact of these departmental policies on the effectiveness of
implementing export-oriented economic development policies of mountainous provinces in general and
Cao Bang province in particular.
• The thesis approaches to perfect export-oriented economic development policies of
mountainous provinces and Cao Bang province is to complete the contents and improve the efficiency
of implementing 6 departmental policies in the export-oriented economic development policy of Cao
Bang province.
• Regarding the research space and object, the thesis focuses on studying policies and solutions
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to implement departmental policies in the export-oriented economic development policies of Cao Bang
province's state management system such as People's Committee, departments, sectors and agencies of
the province.
• Regarding the research time, the thesis focuses on studying export-oriented economic
development policy in Cao Bang Province in the period 2015 – 2020 and proposed solutions to be

applied in the period 2021 - 2025 and the following years till 2030.
4. Research methodology
4.1. Research approaches and process
Research approach: Based on the methodology of Marxism - Leninism and the viewpoints, lines
and policies of socio-economic development of the Party and State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,
we choose an approach for the thesis which is the systematic, logic and historical approach. To approach
is to study the export-oriented economic development policy of a province in a dialectical relationship
with the country's socio-economic development policy, the development policy of economic sectors and
in the resource conditions and socio-economic development trends of Cao Bang province.
The research process is modeled as follows:
Defining the problem and research objectivesDefining the problem and research
Figure1: Research process
4.2. Collecting and processing data
Methods of collecting and processing secondary data: In order to provide more grounds for the
assessment, we search and summarize secondary data from many different sources of information
related to the export-oriented economic development policy in general and in Cao Bang province in the
period 2015 - 2020 in particular.
Method of collecting and processing primary data through interviews: The objective of the
interview is to collect opinions of experts, economic managers, and local managers about the exportoriented economic development policy of Cao Bang Province and businesses with import-export
activities in Cao Bang province. Specifically, the experts interviewed included 17 people, of which: 14
experts as state managers of Cao Bang province and 03 experts as researchers at leading universities in
Vietnam.
Methods of collecting and processing primary data through questionnaire survey: The survey
objects are state managers (under the central state management system, the state management system in
the northern border region, and the state management system of Cao Bang province), a number of
experts, independent economic researchers and some leaders of export enterprises and export service
providers in Cao Bang province. The questionnaires were sent via email, post or directly to state
managers (under the central state management system, the state management system in the northern
border region, and the state management system of Cao Bang province). 384 questionnaires were
delivered to state managers, experts and researchers. The number collected was 329, of which 11 were

invalid due to missing answers to important questions. Thus, the total number valid for the research was
318. After collected survey data was synthesized and processed by Excel and SPSS. To analyze data, we
used statistics such as percentage, average... to analyze and evaluate in detail the current status of
export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province in recent years.
4.3. Research methods
Methods of synthesizing and analyzing documents: These include: method of theoretical
synthesis, method of citation research, method of synthesis and analysis of documents and secondary
data, deductive method, comparative research method.
Qualitative analysis method allows to gain insight, explore, and explain the research problem
instead of the hypothesis. Based on relevant data in recent years, as well as opinions of experts and state
agencies, we provide a number of forecasts on development and economic policy development trends in
the coming time.
Quantitative analysis method: is used to describe the basic characteristics of data collected from
experimental research in different ways. Descriptive and inferential statistics together provide simple
summaries of samples and measures. We use statistical methods to search and synthesize data on
policies, the actual situation of implementing export-oriented economic policies necessary for use in the
research.
Testing through EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis): allows to evaluate two important types of
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values of the scale, i.e. convergent value and discriminant value. The EFA method falls into the group of
interdependent multivariate analysis, i.e., based on the correlation between variables. This method is
used to reduce a set of k observed variables into a set of F (FConfirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used to test if there is a pre-existing theoretical model that
underlies a set of observations. Specifically, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient indicates whether the
measures are linked or not; but does not indicate which observed variables should be removed and
which observed variables should be retained. The scale has good reliability when varying in the range
[0.7:0.9]. Bartlett's Test coefficient to see if the observed variables in the factor are correlated with each
other. Bartlett's test has statistical significance (sig Bartlett's Test < 0.05), indicating that the observed

variables are correlated with each other in the factor.
Regression method is used to specifically determine the weight of each independent factor
affecting the dependent factor. On that basis, we provide a regression equation and determine the degree
of influence of each independent factor on the dependent factor. In this study, the multiple regression
model is tested to analyze the relationship between the departmental policies and the effectiveness of the
implementation of export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province.
5. Research findings and contributions
6. Research structure
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the thesis consists of 04 specific chapters as follows:
• Chapter 1: Research overview
• Chapter 2: Some theoretical issues about the export-oriented economic development policy of
a mountainous province
• Chapter 3: Analysis of the current situation of export-oriented economic development policies
of Cao Bang province
• Chapter 4: Solutions and recommendations to improve the export-oriented economic
development policy of Cao Bang province in the period 2011 - 2025, with a vision to 2030
CHAPTER 1: RESEARCH OVERVIEW
1.1. Overview of research works related to export-oriented economic development policy
1.1.1. Research works related to economic development and socio-economic development policy of a
country/province
A number of works related to economic development and socio-economic development policies
of a country/province such as the studies by Yew-KwangNg (2018), Tran Thu Nga (2016), Nguyen
Hoang Quy et al (2016), Yuriy and Temur (2016). 2014), Reinert (2012), ITC (2011), Jouen et al (2010),
Nguyen Van Nam and Ngo Thang Loi (2010). In addition, there are many other domestic and foreign
works on economic development and socio-economic development policies of a country/province such
as: Pham Thi Luong Dieu (2018), Nguyen Xuan Thang (2017), Christopher D. Piros, et al (2013),
Joynal Abdin (2013), Vu Trong Hoa and Nguyen Sy Cuong (2013), Pham Thi Tuy and Pham Quoc
Trung (2012), Ngo Doan Vinh and Bui Tat Thang (2009), Ngo Doan Vinh (2007), Nicolas Bayne and
Stephen Woolcock (2007), Ludwig v on Mises von Mises (2006), Doan Thi Thu Ha et al (2000), etc.
1.1.2. Research works related to import-export and export-oriented economic development policy of a

province/city under the central government
Works related to import-export and export-oriented economic development policies of a
province/city under the central government, such as studies by Nguyen Danh Son (2018),
Teangsompong and Sirisunhirun (2018), Mai Van Tan (2014), Nguyen Truong Giang (2013), Carbaugh
(2008). In addition, there are a number of research works related to import-export and export-oriented
economic development policies of a province/city under the central government, such as: Tran Nghia
Hoa (2015), Nguyen Truong Giang (2012), Nguyen Van Tuan (2002), Truong Thi Hien (2011), etc.
1.1.3. Research works related to socio-economic development and import-export development of Cao
Bang province
A number of research works related to socio-economic development and import-export
development of Cao Bang province, such as those by Dang Hieu (2016), Truong Ha (2016), Duong Mac
Thang (2004).
1.2. Overall review and research gaps
1.2.1. Achievements
The analysis of domestic and foreign studies allows us to provide the research findings that we
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can inherit, refer to as follows: Firstly, the works have outlined the concepts of policy, economic
development policy, local economic development and interpreted the connotation of these concepts
according to the approach to the goal of perfecting the policy system towards comprehensive
development in the fields of economy, culture, society, and environment. Secondly, the studies have
basically presented the economic development trend of the world in general and countries in particular
in the process of integration and globalization. Thirdly, there have been a number of studies on the
theory and practice of the development trend of economic policy in the localities and the impact of that
policy on the overall national economy. Fourthly, there have been a number of studies on economic
development trends in regions, provinces and cities in Vietnam. Fifthly, there have been a number of
studies related to socio-economic policies of Cao Bang province.
1.2.2. Research gaps
In spite of many research works related to economic development strategies and policies in

general of the country and trade development strategies and policies (of the country, region and sector),
currently, there are very few studies on the export-oriented economic development policy of a province
or city under the central government in general. In our opinion, there are no specific and detailed studies
on economic development policies of Cao Bang province in the period from 2010 to present. A number
of research works, which are research and development programs or projects on policies constituting
socio-economic development policies of Cao Bang province, are mainly accessed to by qualitative
approach based on secondary data sources and expert interview results. There are almost no works that
apply quantitative analysis methods through regression model testing for research.
Thus, the findings of the overall review of the above works are sources of reference and
inheritance with practical scientific value for us to study the thesis. At the same time, it also points out
the gaps in theory, practice, research methods and confirms the necessity and non-duplication of the
thesis. The research student's thesis will focus on the above gaps, and when the research objectives are
well implemented, it will make new contributions in both theory and practice to Cao Bang province.
CHAPTER 2: SOME THEORETICAL ISSUES ON EXPORT-ORIENTED ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT POLICY OF A MOUNTAIN PROVINCE
2.1. General overview of the export-oriented economic development policy of the mountainous
provinces of Vietnam
2.1.1. Some basic concepts
2.1.1.1. Policy and economic policy
According to the Vietnam Encyclopedia (p. 505), “Policies are specific standards for
implementing guidelines and tasks; Policy is implemented for a certain period of time, in certain
specific areas. The nature, content and direction of the policy depend on the nature of the political,
economic, cultural and social lines and tasks…” Economic policies are policies that regulate economic
relationships in order to create motivation for economic development. Economic policies again form a
complex system consisting of many policies: Financial policy, Monetary and credit policy, Distribution
policy, Foreign economic policy, Economic structural policy, Policy on economic development,
Competition policy, etc.
2.1.1.2. Trade policy and policy on import and export of goods
Trade policy is the totality of viewpoints, objectives, principles, tools and measures applied by
the State (central and local) to regulate, govern and manage trade activities of the country, province or

city in a certain period. Trade policy is a system of viewpoints, standards, institutions, measures, and
tricks that the State uses to influence the market to adjust activities to serve socio-economic
development goals in a certain period. (Nguyen Van Dung, 2010).
The import policy of a country is a set of tools that the country applies to influence the behavior
and issues related to the import of goods (Nguyen Hoang Quy et al., 2016).
2.1.1.3. Economic growth model and export-oriented economic development policy
Economic development in the context of integration is basically an economic transformation
process related to the structural transformation of the economy through industrialization, increasing
gross domestic product and per capita income based on the connection, exchange and cooperation
between the economy of one country and the economy of other countries or regional and global
economic organizations. Only in the context of integration can the export-oriented economic
development policy really contribute to accelerating the local economic development.
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Economic growth model describes the ways, forms and content of economic growth of countries
through variables, economic factors in close relationship with socio-political conditions. In economic
growth models, export-oriented economic development policies play an important role, especially for
countries that choose export as the driving force of socio-economic development.
An export-oriented economic policy is a policy aimed at economic development through the
export of goods/services. This policy is considered as a solution for a country to reach a higher level of
technology, successful implementation of industrialization and modernization of the country, thereby
maintaining sustainable growth.
2.1.2. The role of export-oriented economic development policy
Firstly, the export-oriented economic development policy allows countries to take the
advantages of expanding international cooperation for socio-economic development. Secondly, the
export-oriented economic development policy plays an important role in the balanced economic and
trade development of a country. Thirdly, the export-oriented economic development policy contributes
to stable and sustainable economic development and enhancing the national position.
2.1.3. Socio-economic characteristics of mountainous provinces in Vietnam and the necessity of an

export-oriented economic development policy
2.1.3.1. Overview of socio-economic characteristics of mountainous provinces in Vietnam
Firstly, agriculture accounts for a large proportion in the structure of provinces. Secondly,
mountainous provinces have a diverse natural environment, bringing about an abundance in ecological
conditions, creating conditions for the production of many products of high economic value. Thirdly, the
macro-economic development indicators GDP, GPP, total industrial production, total agricultural
production, etc. of provinces are still low, much lower than those of the plain provinces. Fourthly, the
transport system in mountainous provinces has a less developed border than in the midland and plain
areas. Fifthly, in general, mountainous provinces are sparsely populated areas with many ethnic
minorities living together (multi-ethnicity) with an average population density ranging from 50 to 100
people per sq.km. Sixthly, infrastructure and science and technology in mountainous border provinces
are still quite rudimentary in spite of extensive investment in recent years, especially in remote and
innermost areas. Seventhly, due attention has not been paid to the education and health work of
mountainous provinces. Eighthly, information and policy propaganda activities in mountainous
provinces face many difficulties. Ninthly, although the resources of mountainous provinces are limited,
the local commodity products of mountainous provinces have their own characteristics, creating a
comparative advantage for the provinces in exporting goods.
2.1.3.2. The concept and necessity of the export-oriented economic development policy of the
mountainous province in Vietnam
With the socio-economic characteristics of mountainous provinces and the point of view of
approaching the concept of an export-oriented economic development policy mentioned above, the
export-oriented economic development policy of a mountainous province is understood as the
establishment of development orientations and implementation of solutions to organize and manage
economic sectors, regions and infrastructure factors towards stable and sustainable development of
exports (export goods and services) to ensure the implementation of socio-economic goals of the
province in each definite period/time.
The necessity of the export-oriented economic development of a mountainous province is
reflected in the following contents: Firstly, realizing the goal of sustainable socio-economic
development of the mountainous province on the basis of promoting the potential and the advantages of
the province requires the development and implementation of an export-oriented economic development

policy. Secondly, proceeding from the requirement of economic restructuring of mountainous provinces.
Thirdly, implementing the export-oriented economic development policy creates a driving force for
economic sectors to develop together. Fourthly, implementing the export-oriented economic
development policy will create a premise to realize the goal of improving the lives of people in general
and ethnic minorities in particular in the province. Fifthly, the export-oriented economic development
policy not only brings great economic benefits to the province, but also has important implications for
economic and cultural exchanges with provinces in Vietnam and with provinces of the countries sharing
a border. Sixthly, implementing the export-oriented economic development policy contributes to
improving the technology level according to the province's goal of industrialization and modernization.
Seventhly, the export-oriented economic development policy creates sources of capital and experience
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for the sustainable development of the province through export activities. The province will gain foreign
currency and experience, creating material strength and creating knowledge to help the province achieve
the goals of sustainable development.
2.1.4. Factors influencing the export-oriented economic development policy of the mountainous
province
2.1.4.1. Factors of international and regional environments and international integration
Including the following: economy and international integration, culture and society of countries
and integration trends in the world, development of science and technology in the world.
2.1.4.2. National macro-environmental factors
Including the following: the legal and political situation, the level of development and the size of
the economy, inflation and exchange rate, the state's export promotion and management policies,
thinking and awareness of the leadership.
2.1.4.3. Factors of particularity of the mountainous province
Including factors related to natural conditions, technical development level and technical
development infrastructure conditions, level and quality of human resources and labor market, scientific
and technological development level and socio-cultural identity.
2.2. Departmental policies and theoretical research model of export-oriented economic

development policy of a mountainous province
2.2.1. Frameworks of tasks and policies for export-oriented economic development
According to ITC (2011), the frameworks related to the country's export-oriented economic
development policy encompass: increasing competitiveness, creating favorable conditions for trade
activities, measuring progress over time of the trade policy and export competitiveness. These frameworks
will help managers formulate export-oriented economic development policies to best assess the business
environment of the province, allowing them to focus on specific areas to improve national competitiveness
index. The relationship between export-oriented economic development policy and export competitiveness
is shown in the figure below. This model illustrates the specific needs of policy tools in solving the
problems faced by exporters related to each stage of production and distribution of export services.
2.2.2. Objectives and departmental policies in the export-oriented economic development policy of
a mountainous province
2.2.2.1. Objectives of export-oriented economic development policy of a mountainous province
Firstly, the export-oriented economic development policy of a mountainous province aims at
achieving stable growth and sustainable socio-economic development of the province. Secondly, the
export-oriented economic development policy of a mountainous province aims at achieving economic
restructuring to promote the economic advantages of the province. Thirdly, the export-oriented
economic development policy of a mountainous province aims to improve the quality of life of the
people in the province.
2.2.2.2. Departmental policies in an export-oriented economic development policy
 Policy to develop economic infrastructure and human resources
The policy for development of basic economic infrastructure serves export business activities
through the synchronous construction of transport infrastructure, infrastructure construction of key
industrial zones, software industrial zones, and the construction of product introduction and promotion
points, forming a supply chain of high-quality products. The policy for development of border-gate
economic zones covers two main issues, which are: Regarding the spatial development of economic and
residential territory in the border gate economic zone, the border-gate economic zone development
policy shows respect for the sovereignty of countries. Activities in the area must consider geographical
and natural factors without prejudice to the interests of the parties. Regarding the development of
economic exchanges across border gates, the border gate economic zone development policy focuses on

goods trading, service provision, trade promotion, trade processing and tourism activities at border gate
economic zones. The human resource development policy for export development of a mountainous
province focuses on planning to develop the quantity of human resources, upgrade the quality of human
resources and attract talents (Le Thanh Tuan, 2019).
 Policy to develop services and improve the capacity for providing export services
Organizing the export network by product line for agricultural products, for industrial consumer
goods and towards increasing the technological content in the production of export products. Developing
export trade models at the local level as well as developing business networks of enterprises producing
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and processing export goods, goods circulation, and cooperatives, unions of commercial cooperatives with
system of branches, shops, establishments for preliminary processing, classification, packaging,
preservation and small storage, factories, production camps, system of wharves and yards, basic
warehouses and transit warehouses located at towns, townlets. Management of export trade in the area is
related to the quality management of export goods in the mountainous province and the management of
the workforce and export enterprises in the mountainous province and the production stages of export
products.
 Policy to promote investment and promote export
Policy for investment promotion is a collection of measures and strategies to orient domestic and
foreign investors towards investment opportunities in a country or attract investors' interest in a
particular country to attract FDI for socio-economic development goals. Export promotion policy is a
collection of measures and tools used by the government of a country to find, attract, support and
encourage businesses and organizations to promote the export of goods and services of that country to
the target market.
 Policy to develop products and product export market
Improving inputs of goods and services at global prices and taking advantage of export
opportunities under certain conditions of access play an important role in the export competitiveness of
localities. Developing processes and products and services to support exports enable to increase trade
flows between localities and international partners, boot local revenue, diversify and expand markets

(Broocks and Johannes, 2017). Access to export market focuses on information about export markets
that exporters need, and ways to obtain information and exploit opportunities (Broocks and Johannes,
2017).
 Policies on tax administration and technical barriers in export
Export tax management policies are measures used by the government to manage the export of
goods and services by the tool of export tariffs (tax levied on each unit of export goods). The policy of
technical barriers to export or non-tariff depends largely on the technical standards of the import
markets and the characteristics of the export products. In addition, another important content in the
policy of technical barriers to export is to suggest ways to organize the implementation of solutions to
support enterprises to meet technical and environmental barriers so as to increase the capacity to meet
and overcome technical and environmental barriers for export products and services.
 Policies to develop culture and identity to create brand image of export products and services
All policies to develop culture and identity to create brand image of export products and services
of mountainous provinces need to be developed based on objective practical requirements of sociocultural and economic situation and export in the province under the current conditions of openness and
integration. At the same time, these policies need to pay attention to uneven development among regions
within a province, multiethnic and multicultural factors... (Van Thi Thanh Mai, 2018).
2.2.3. Theoretical research model of export-oriented economic development policy of a
mountainous province
2.2.3.1. Research models and hypotheses
The point of view of approaching the target and delineating the departmental policies in the
province's export-oriented economic development policy mentioned above allows us to create a
theoretical research model of the export-oriented economic development policy of a mountainous
province as follows:

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H1
H2
H3

H4
H5
H6

Figure2: Proposed research model
Constructed research hypotheses include:
Hypothesis 1: The policy of developing economic infrastructure and human resources for export has a
positive impact on the effectiveness of the export-oriented economic development policy of the
mountainous province.
Hypothesis 2: The policy of developing export services and improving the capacity for providing export
services has a positive impact on the effectiveness of the export-oriented economic development policy
of the mountainous province.
Hypothesis 3: Investment promotion and export promotion policies have a positive impact on the
effectiveness of export-oriented economic development policies of the mountainous province.
Hypothesis 4: The policy to develop products and export market has a positive impact on the
effectiveness of export-oriented economic development policies of the mountainous province.
Hypothesis 5: The policy on export tax administration and export-environment technical barriers has a
positive impact on the effectiveness of the export-oriented economic development policy of the
mountainous province.
Hypothesis 6: The policy of developing culture and identity to create a brand image of export products
and services of the mountainous province has a positive impact on the effectiveness of the exportoriented economic development policy of the mountainous province.
2.2.3.2. Development of research scales
Table1: Scale to evaluate the factors of the policy of developing economic infrastructure and human
resources for export of the mountainous province
No.
Scale / Observed Variables
Source
1
About EZ/IZ/EPZ infrastructure
ITC (2011)’

Shepherd (2016);
1.1
EZ/IZ/EPZ scale and location planning
1.2
EZ/IZ/EPZ level of material and technical infrastructure and Dang Xuan Phong
(2012);
technology
Portugal-Perez
1.3
EZ/IZ/EPZ contribution to the province’s GDP
and Wilson
2
About enterprise system infrastructure
2.1
Organizational level, material and technical infrastructure, technology (2012)
of state-owned limited enterprises
2.2
Organizational level, material and technical infrastructure, technology
of joint-stock enterprises
2.3
Organizational level, material and technical infrastructure, technology
of private enterprises
2.4
Level of organization, material and technical infrastructure,
technology of the household businesses
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2.5

Organizational level, physical and technical infrastructure, technology
of FDI enterprises
3
About transport infrastructure
3.1
Level of reasonableness of planning and construction of
transportation system
3.2
Degree of modernization of the transportation system
3.3
Source of capital and speed of recovery of investment in transport
infrastructure
4
About IT infrastructure
4.1
Level of reasonableness of information infrastructure development
planning
4.2
Level of assurance of quantity and quality of market and trade
information updates
5
About human resource infrastructure
Freixanet (2010);
Vu Thi Loc (2018);
5.1
Potential to develop the number of local human resources
Le Thanh Tuan
5.2
Qualification and level of improvement of local human resources
(2019)

5.3
Skills and level of skill improvement of local human resources
5.4
Ability to attract highly skilled human resources
Table2: Scale to evaluate the factors of policy to develop services and improve capacity for providing
export services of the mountainous province
No.
Scale / Observed Variables
Source
1
Regarding diversified development, improvement of dynamic Broocks and
competitiveness and differentiation of local export services in line with the Johannes
needs of foreign importers and domestic exporters in the global (2017);
ITC
competitive import-export environment.
(2011); Bas
and Strauss1.1
Level of diversity in line with export services offered for sale
Kahn (2015);
1.2
Level of reliability and quality of export services provided
Hu and Faqin
1.3
Increase level of value-added services provided
(2016); Biles
1.4
Degree of difference in export services provided
(2004);
1.5
Creditworthiness and image of export services provided

2
Regarding quality management and efficiency in the process of providing Chirathivat
and
export services
2.1
Selecting and deciding on SBUs of service pairs and target export service Cheewatrako
olpong
markets
2.2
Determining the value and positioning of the supply value in the target (2015);
Krainara and
export service market
2.3
Quality of creating and implementing the value of export services to supply Routray
(2015)
the target market
2.4
Regarding developing and improving the capacity of the export logistics
system
Table3: Scale to evaluate the factors of policy on investment promotion with export promotion of the
mountainous province
No.
Scale / Observed Variables
Source
1
Regarding the completeness and appropriateness of the policy and Tu Quang
mechanism for investment and export promotion
Phuong and
1.1
Completeness of policies and mechanisms for investment and export Pham Van Hung

(2013); Broocks
development
and Johannes
1.2
Completeness of export promotion policies and mechanisms
2
Quality of implementing programs and projects on investment promotion (2017); Biles
(2004);
and export development
2.1
Level of diversity of forms and implementation quality of investment Bas and
Strauss-Kahn
promotion communication
2.2
Implementation quality and efficiency of investment promotion with (2015);
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foreign investors
Carbaugh
2.3
Implementation quality and investment promotion direction with (2008) ;
Harris and
domestic investors
Schmitt (2000)
3
Quality of implementation of export promotion projects
3.1
Level of diversification is suitable for investment promotion forms
3.2

Quality of implementation of export programs/projects
3.3
Level of attractiveness and increase in the attraction of investment
promotion participation of partners and strategic partners
Table4: Scale to evaluate the factors of policy on development of commodity and export market of the
mountainous province
No.
Scale / Observed Variables
Source
1
Determining the export product portfolios, developing the market for Truong Thi
investment in infrastructure, facilities and technology for manufacturing Hien (2011);
and processing export products
Hu and Faqin
(2016);
1.1 Selecting and stipulating the local product and export portfolios
Broocks and
1.2 Developing the market for export products
1.3 Investment in development of physical and technical infrastructure and Johannes
(2017);
production technology
2
Organizing production and synchronously managing the quality of the Seringhaus
manufacturing and processing of export products according to the export (1987); Harris
and Schmitt
supply chain standards required by the import market
(2000); Yuriy
2.1 Managing the quantity and quality of input materials
and Temur
2.2 Managing production technology process

(2014); Naidu
2.3 Managing export product quality
3
Managing the implementation of supply of export products and goods to et al (1997);
meet the requirements of good quality-time-cost-service in order to build Krainara and
Routray (2015)
and position the brand image of local products/exports
3.1 Managing sources of supply and formation of export shipments
3.2 Managing reserve, organizing and preserving export shipments
3.3 Organizing the transportation of export goods
3.4 Carrying out customs procedures and delivering goods for export
3.5 Inspection, supervision of export supply process
Table5: Scale to evaluate the factors of tax policy and technical barriers to export environment of the
mountainous province
No.
Scale / Observed Variables
Source
1
Regarding management of import and export tax policy
Broocks and
1.1
Updating tax policy with groups, types of products and services for export Johannes (2017);
Nguyen Hoang
by export method
Quy et al (2016);
1.2
Effective communication of export tax policies to target customers
Harris and
1.3
Implementing export tax management appropriately and effectively

Schmitt (2000);
2
Regarding policy management with technical and environmental barriers
Biles (2004);
2.1
Updating technical and environmental barriers
2.2
Communicating technical and environmental barriers to target customers Yuriy and Temur
2.3
Organizing and deploying solutions to support target customers to (2014); YewKwangNg (2018);
overcome technical and environmental barriers
Table6: Scale to evaluate the factors of business culture policy to create the image of export service
brand of the mountainous province
No.
Scale / Observed Variables
Source
1
Thinking and awareness of cultural values, local cultural identity
Jamieson,
Le
1.1
Thinking and perceiving the values, local cultural identity of management (1991);
Trong
Cuc
policy makers
1.2
Thinking and perceiving the value of cultural identity of the business (2015); Van
10

community
Thi
Thanh
Mai
(2018);
1.3
Thinking and perceiving the cultural identity values of residents and business
Krainara and
households
Routray
2
Cultural environment in import-export business
2.1
Cultural values concretized in the policy environment and the import-export (2015)
management mechanism
2.2
The unique and outstanding cultural identities concretized in the policy
environment and the import-export business management mechanism.
3
Values and cultural identity in implementing export business
3.1
Values and cultural identity in deciding export methods
3.2
Values and cultural identity in deciding to coordinate and promote export
services
3.3
Values and cultural identity in creating, conveying and implementing the value
of providing export services
2.2.3.3. Criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the export-oriented economic development policy of
the mountainous province

The criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the local export-oriented economic development
policy are measured through the following group of criteria:
Group 1: The effective quantitative statistical indicators and the contribution of the province's
export-oriented economic development policy:
Group 2: The criteria for evaluating the quality of policy making and annual in implementation
and medium-term plans including:
Group 3: The criteria for evaluating the quality and contribution to the effectiveness of
implementing the export-oriented economic development policy in mountainous provinces, the
departmental policies as set out in subsection 2.2.2.2 above.
2.3. Experiences of export-oriented economic development policies of some similar provinces and
territories abroad and lessons drawn therefrom
2.3.1. Experiences from some provinces and territories abroad
The thesis researches 04 experiences of provinces and territories around the world under similar
mountainous conditions like Cao Bang province, including: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region China, Thai border provinces, Uttarakhand state - India, and Coahuila - a mountainous state of Mexico
bordering the United States.
2.3.2. Lessons drawn therefrom for the mountainous provinces in Vietnam
Regarding the policy of developing economic infrastructure and human resources: Establishing
special economic zones and offering certain incentives to special economic zones that produce exportoriented goods. Regarding the policy of developing services and improving the capacity for providing
export services: Strengthening support for exporters: creating maximum conditions for domestic
exporters by means of financial support, improving the quality of the infrastructure system, building a
channel to provide domestic and international market information, transferring technology and guiding
the application of technology in production, organizing exchanges and seminars between exporters and
policy makers, simplifying import-export procedures and shortening processing time... Regarding
investment promotion and export promotion policies: From experience of export-oriented economic
development of Thai border provinces, the promotion of external activities should be strengthened to
create a favorable international business environment for Vietnamese export enterprises. Regarding
policies of developing products and export markets for local products: From the lessons of Inner
Mongolia Autonomous Region, Vietnam needs to have a mechanism to promote processing trade
activities by improving the quality of input materials of the supply chain, supporting and encouraging
enterprises to apply technology to produce finished products according to the system of international

standards, investing in building and forming export processing zones. Regarding policies on export tax
administration and technical barriers: From the experience of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,
Vietnam should flexibly and properly coordinate tools in its export-oriented economic development
policy. Regarding the policy of developing culture and identity to create a brand image of products and
services for export, Cao Bang can combine tourism activities with the introduction of cultural identities
of ethnic groups and local products through tourism festivals, cultural festivals of ethnic groups,
11


participating in trade promotion programs, fairs in other localities to promote the brand image of the
province's products.
CHAPTER 3: ANALYZING THE CURRENT STATUS OF EXPORT-ORIENTED ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT POLICY OF CAO BANG PROVINCE
3.1. The current status of socio-economic development and factors influencing export-oriented
economic development policy of Cao Bang province
3.1.1. Natural characteristics and socio-economic development status of Cao Bang province
3.1.1.1. Natural characteristics
Cao Bang is a mountainous province in the North of Vietnam. Cao Bang borders China to the
north and east, Tuyen Quang and Ha Giang to the west, Bac Kan and Lang Son to the south. With an
area of 6,700,3 sq. km of natural land, the province's main terrain is limestone plateau mixed with
mountains and soil, with an average elevation of over 200m, the border zone areas have an altitude of
600-1,300m above sea level. Mountain forests cover 90% of the province’s area. The province is
divided into 3 main regions, including the east with many rocky mountains, the west rocky mountains
intermingling with earth mountains, the southwest mostly earth mountains and jungles. The province
has 13 districts and township, with 189 communes, wards and towns. The north and northeast of Cao
Bang province border on Guangxi province - China, with a border length of over 311km. This creates an
advantage for the export of local products and goods.
3.1.1.2. Situation of socio-economic development
In the past few years, the province's socio-economic situation in all fields of economy, society,
national defense, security, foreign affairs, fight against corruption, wastefulness, and negativity...

continued to develop and achieve positive results.
Table7: Cao Bang’s main socio-economic indicators
Indicators
2
2
2
2
2
2
015
016
017
018
019
020
Population (thousands of
5
5
5
5
5
5
people)
22.0
24.2
26.4
28.7
30.9
33.1
GDP growth (%)

4
4
7
7
4
4
.31
.38
.09
.02
.17
.91
Current price GDP (VND
1
1
1
1
1
1
billion)
1.347
2.056
4.495
6.191
7.460
9.016
Structure of agriculture,
2
2
2

2
2
2
forestry and fisheries
5.28%
6.44%
3.14%
2.08%
1.85%
3.20%
Structure of industry and
1
1
1
2
1
1
construction
9.33%
9.28%
8.74%
0.24%
9.42%
9.97%
Service structure
5
5
5
5
5

5
0.93%
0.25%
4.52%
4.00%
4.99%
3.19%
Export (USD million)
1
2
1
4
1
.79
.24
43.00
7.99
3.12
Import (USD million)
2
1
2
4
3
7.10
9.65
2.81
1.20
7.06
Labor force (thousands of

3
3
3
3
3
3
people)
49.3
60.9
47.8
51.9
49.0
49.0
Unemployment rate (%)
0
0
0
1
0
0
.96
.76
.81
.04
.79
.96
Rate of poor households
4
3
3

3
2
2
(%)
2.53
8.63
4.77
0.81
6.07
2.06
Source: Cao Bang Statistical Yearbook (2015 - 2020)
3.1.1.3. Situation of import and export of goods in Cao Bang province
The import-export situation of goods in Cao Bang province in the period 2015 - 2020 is detailed
in the table below:
Table8: Situation of import and export and customs clearance in Cao Bang province
Indicators
2
2
2
2
2
2
015
016
017
018
019
020
12

Export (USD million)
Growth (%)
Import (USD million)
million)

Import-Export turnover (USD

Number of export customs
clearance declarations (units)
Customs clearance value (USD
million)
Growth (%)
million)

Import-Export turnover (USD

Number of export customs
clearance declarations (unit)
Customs clearance value (USD
million)
Total number of import and
export customs clearance declarations
(units)

.79
85.6
7.10
8.89
808

77.57
.1
80.57
890
58.14
,698

1
2
2
1
2
0
2
1
5
3

.24
5.6
9.65
1.89
400
58.21
9.1
75.32
123
33.54
,523

2
2
1
2
2
3
2
4
3
8
5

43.00
274
2.81
65.81
642
70.47
52.4
31.68
748
02.16
,390

1
6
2
1
1
1

6
4
8
6

7.99
66.4
1.20
9.19
217
39.43
18.2
72.31
368
11.74
,585

4
4
8
1
1
5
3
7
4

3.12
72.7
7.06

0.18
79
09.95
21.1
68.77
228
78.71
,807

1
3
5
5

10

+
1,500.6
5
7
4
42
5
459

1

-

-

-

6
1

81

7
1

2

5
-

,040

6

Source: Cao Bang Customs
3.1.2. Analyzing factors influencing the export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang
province
3.1.2.1. International environmental factors
Regarding international economic integration: Together with the whole country in
implementing the policy of economic integration with the world, Cao Bang province has been reaping
many remarkable achievements. Especially, Cao Bang focuses on external economy and border gate
economy with neighboring China and expands to other countries such as France, Korea, etc. Regarding
integration with world culture and society: Cao Bang is one of the provinces exploiting tourism
activities of our country. In recent years, the province has had new policies, by bringing folk games,

customs and habits of ethnic groups living in the area into tourism activities, Cao Bang can both
preserve culture and promote its inherent tourism potential. Regarding integration with the development
of science and technology in the world: Responding to the Science and Technology Development
Strategy for the period 2011-2020, from 2013, the development of cross-border import and export
activities of Cao Bang province has increased sharply.
3.1.2.2. Vietnam's macro-environmental factors
Regarding political and legal stability: One of the prerequisites for Vietnam's economic reform
in 1986 was to possess a stable and sustainable political and legal situation. The stable political
background enables Vietnam to stay close to the economic development policies, creating the success of
the innovation plan as it is today. Regarding the level of development and the size of the economy:
Although GDP growth in 2020 was the lowest in the period 2011-2020, in the face of the negative
impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic, it has been a success for Vietnam with the growth rate among the
group of countries with the highest one in the world. Regarding inflation and exchange rate difference:
The average core inflation for 2020 increased by 2.31% over that for 2019, reaching the target of
controlling the inflation index below 4% set by the State and tending to decrease compared to 2019. The
low inflation rate also helps export activities tend to be more positive in recent years. Regarding the
state's export promotion and management policy: For Cao Bang province, the administration has
implemented the Decision No. 3197/QD-UBND on the development planning of the trade industry in
Cao Bang province until 2020, setting out the goal that in developing the trade industry, Cao Bang
province must pay attention to border gate economy and import-export activities. Regarding the
thinking and perception of leaders, Cao Bang province always focuses on improving the thinking and
13


awareness of leaders in the province's issues. Specifically, Cao Bang province has issued regulations on
the responsibilities of officials and party members, especially towards the provincial leaders such as the
Provincial People's Committee, Provincial Standing Board of Party Committee.
3.1.2.3. Internal factors of Cao Bang province
Regarding the specific natural conditions of Cao Bang province: Bordering on Guangxi
province, China and having a border of more than 300km, Cao Bang is one of the provinces with many

trade border gates, trails, openings to exchange with China. Promoting import-export activities is not
only of goods of the province but also of goods from other provinces moving to the border gate of Cao
Bang province. Regarding the level of economic development and economic infrastructure: In recent
years, the economic development situation in Cao Bang province has changed quite positively: The
province's GDP in 2020 reached 4.91%. Regarding the qualification and quality of human resources
and the labor market: Due to shortage of qualified and quantitative labor resources, import-export
activities across the border were also negatively affected. In terms of expertise, most of the province's
human resources are untrained workers. Regarding the level of science and technology development:
Due to the underdeveloped infrastructure of information technology and science and technology,
logistics services and services for the customs clearance process have not yet reached the industry 4.0
scientific and technological foundation 4.0 like today. Regarding specific culture and society: Currently,
in Cao Bang province, there are about 28 ethnic groups living and developing together, there are about
214 historical relics in the province, among which 91 have been ranked.
3.2. Actual situation of implementing departmental policies in the export-oriented economic
development policy of Cao Bang province
3.2.1. Actual situation of implementing policies to develop economic infrastructure and human
resources in Cao Bang province
The planning and construction of socio-economic infrastructure, especially infrastructure for
export activities in Cao Bang province, is one of the issues in which the Government and Cao Bang
province are interested in investing. Many policies and plans for infrastructure development have been
developed and implemented. The province focuses on developing transport infrastructure, facilitating
the circulation of goods between regions in the province and developing export. A resolution on rural
transport development in the period 2016-2020 was issued with the aim of improving transportation in
the districts, communes, hamlets, and inner fields to be smooth, for the purpose of province-wide
economic development. A policy was issued to attract and treat high-quality human resources to the
province, in addition to training skills for the available human resources to improve the quality of the
province's human resources. This is also a factor that makes it possible for the province's economy to
develop and be export-oriented. The policy of developing human resource infrastructure is also a matter
of special concern in Cao Bang province today.
3.2.2. Actual situation of implementing policies to develop services and improve export service

provision capacity of Cao Bang province
With the goal of improving the competitiveness of products in the province, Cao Bang has
issued policies in support of investment in technological innovation, improvement of productivity and
product quality for businesses in the province. This enables diversifying both export products and export
services, establishing industrial property rights for businesses in Cao Bang province, differentiating
goods and services, affirming the brand name of the export products of the province. Developing and
improving the capacity of the logistics system is one of the important steps to make Cao Bang a
province strong in terms of export. The implementation of policies to develop and improve the capacity
of the export logistics system is being actively implemented by Cao Bang province.
3.2.3. Actual situation of implementing policies on investment promotion and export promotion of
Cao Bang province
In order to fully implement the policy of investment and export development, Cao Bang has
attracted domestic and foreign investors to the province to promote exports, with the policy of
strengthening economic diplomacy between Cao Bang and the North eastern mountainous provinces of
Vietnam, the western and southwestern provinces of China. In addition to calling for domestic and
foreign investors to come and invest, the province promulgates investment incentive mechanisms and
policies in the province, ensuring the interests of investors to attract domestic and foreign investors in
the province. Along with export-oriented agricultural development policies, the province also built De
Tham IZ, gradually forming Chu Trinh and Phuc Hoa IZs, stepping up domestic and foreign investment
14


promotion activities for industrial development and export promotion
3.2.4. Actual situation of implementing policies to develop products and export markets for products
of Cao Bang province
In order to obtain a source of agricultural products eligible for export, Cao Bang has
implemented policies in support of the production and consumption of products in the province with
many forms of linkage including the supply of input materials and services, organization of production
and processing in association with product consumption. Cao Bang always attaches importance to
development-oriented activities, improving and controlling the quality of products and goods, especially

export products. In recent years, catching up with the strong integration trend, Cao Bang has focused on
investing and thoroughly implementing administrative reform, step by step completing and improving
the efficiency of customs clearance procedures for goods to pass through the border gate area. Currently,
the implementation of policies to manage the supply and export of products is becoming more and more
effective by keeping under strict control the input supply constituting the product, regularly monitoring,
inspecting, managing, storing and preserving shipments, especially shipments of agricultural products
for export.
3.2.5. Actual situation of implementing policies on export tax administration and technical barriers
of Cao Bang province
Cao Bang is gradually implementing policy management with technical and environmental
barriers in export. As a highlands province, agricultural products are staple export, China is currently the
province's largest export market, for rubber, vegetables, cassava, wood and wood products, tea and
coffee... In addition, priority is given to the application of advanced technologies in industrial
production, plant varieties and livestock; standardization of the production process of staple goods,
setting product standards to ensure accordance with national and international standards, meeting export
standards and competitive in the international markets.
3.2.6. Actual situation of implementing policies to develop culture and identity to create brand
image of export products and services of Cao Bang province
According to the decision on the socio-economic development master plan, approved by the
Prime Minister on April 11, 2014, Cao Bang attaches importance to developing cultivation and
processing of traditional agricultural products, suitable to the natural conditions and imbued with its
own culture, differentiating its products from other regions. Cao Bang has policies to affirm the
province's typical agricultural product brand, building the image of the products, orienting the
traditional products imbued with the province’s own cultural identity. On the other hand, the key export
products closely associated with Cao Bang culture and identity are also promoted, building a brand for
Cao Bang's export products so that their prices and position in the export market will be more and more
ensured, thereby boosting the province’s exports.
3.3. Actual situation of the impact of departmental policies on the efficiency of implementation of
export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province
3.3.1. Research sample and test results of research scale

3.3.1.1. Survey sample size and structure
The final including 318 valid survey forms collected were from state managers, a number of
experts, independent economic researchers and some leaders of export enterprises and export service
providers in Cao Bang province.
3.3.1.2. Testing the research scale
For independent variables, the EFA results with varimax rotation for 62 observed variables
show that 15 key components have been extracted with Eigenvalue >1; in other words, EFA allows the
formation of 15 independent variables. For the dependent variables, with the same procedure as above
for 8 observed variables of the dependent variables.
The EFA results to test the scale and Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient show that 62
observed variables of 15 independent variables and 8 observed variables of dependent variables in the
theoretical research model ensure convergence and internal consistency. This allows us to test the model
and research hypotheses in the next section.
3.3.1.2. Results of multiple regression analysis
Based on the positive results obtained from testing the research scales of independent and
dependent variables, the study continued to conduct multiple regression analysis using the SPSS
software. The results of multiple regression analysis by the Enter method are summarized in the table
15


below.
Table9: Results of multiple regression analysis
Unstandardized
Multicollinearit
Standardize
coefficients
y
d Beta
Model
t

Sig.
Coefficient
Std.
B
Tol
VIF
(Beta)
error
1 (Constant)
0.000
0.022
0.000
1.000
X1
0.138***
0.032
0.138
4.356
0.000
0.503 1.990
X2
0.020
0.025
0.020
0.797
0.426
0.772 1.296
X3
0.094**
0.032

0.094
2.933
0.004
0.483 2.070
X4
0.123***
0.030
0.123
4.084
0.000
0.554 1.804
X5
0.233***
0.025
0.233
9.325
0.000
0.803 1.246
X6
0.126***
0.024
0.126
5.231
0.000
0.860 1.163
X7
0.106**
0.031
0.106
3.403

0.001
0.516 1.937
X8
0.289***
0.036
0.289
8.125
0.000
0.396 2.527
X9
0.019
0.024
0.019
0.782
0.435
0.870 1.150
X10
0.033
0.024
0.033
1.375
0.170
0.880 1.137
X11
0.220***
0.031
0.220
7.209
0.000
0.536 1.866

X12
0.085**
0.027
0.085
3.173
0.002
0.693 1.442
X13
-0.017
0.024
-0.017 -0.684
0.494
0.858 1.165
X14
-0.089**
0.031
-0.089 -2.886
0.004
0.523
1.911
X15
0.067**
0.023
0.067
2.913
0.004
0.934 1.070
R = 0.921; R2 = 0.849; F-value = 112.929***. Sig (F) = 0.000
Notes: * significant at p < 0.05
** significant at p < 0.01

*** significant at p < 0.001
Source: Processing survey data with SPSS 22
Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, we test the hypotheses for each independent
variable. Hypothesis 1 is onlyconfirmed partially true. Specifically, the policy of infrastructure of
EZs, IZs, EPZs, transportation infrastructure, information and telecommunications infrastructure and
HR infrastructure has a positive impact on the effectiveness of the export-oriented economic
development policy of Cao Bang province. The policy on enterprise system infrastructure does not have
a significant impact, indicating that the role of enterprise infrastructure development requires the
cooperation of governments and businesses themselves. Hypothesis 2 is confirmed true. Specifically,
the policy to develope services and improve capacity to provide export services has a positive impact on
the effectiveness of the export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province.
Hypothesis 3 is confirmed partially true. Specifically, the policy of completeness of policies and
mechanisms for investment and development of export has a positive impact; However, the policy of
attractiveness and the quality of the implementation of the export promotion policy does not have a
positive impact on the effectiveness of the export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang
province. Hypothesis 4 is confirmed partially true. Specifically, the policy on investment and
development of technical infrastructure and production technology & organization of production and
quality control of export products and policy on management and implementation of supply and export
of export products have a positive impact; while the policy to select and decide the local export product
portfolios & develop the export product market has no significant impact on the effectiveness of the
export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province. Hypothesis 5 is accepted
partially true. Specifically, the policy with technical and environmental barriers in export has an impact
on the effectiveness of the export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province; while
the policy of updating tax policy for groups of export products and services according to export methods
does not have a significant impact. This is also understandable when these are general policies that
apply to the whole country, not very specific to export activities through Cao Bang province. Finally,
hypothesis 6 is confirmed true. Business culture policy creates the image of the export service brand
16

image which has a positive impact on the effectiveness of the export-oriented economic development
policy of Cao Bang province.
3.3.2. Results of the implementation of the departmental policies in the export-oriented
economic development policy of Cao Bang province
3.3.2.1. Results implementing policy on development of economic infrastructure and human resources
After the continuous efforts of the province to develop economic infrastructure, the the planned
scale of the EZs, IZs, and EPZs of Cao Bang has been increasingly expanded with a suitable location,
creating favorable conditions for the export-oriented economic development in the province. The level
of organization, material and technical infrastructure, technology of State-owned one-member limited
liability companies has been improved and more modern with every passing day. The planning and
construction of the transport system in the province from the main inter-district traffic routes, intercommune traffic, and traffic between villages and hamlets have been reasonably renovated and built.
The qualifications of local human resources are improving markedly in recent years, and the number of
human resources graduating from colleges, universities and graduate schools is increasing. The level of
improvement of local human resources has increased markedly in recent years thanks to the policy of
attracting high-quality human resources and the increasingly effective training of local human resources.
3.3.2.2. Results of the implementation of policy to develop services and improve capacity to provide export
services
The province's import-export services have increasingly high credibility and increasingly build
the image of Cao Bang's export services, associated with the cultural and human beauty of the province,
thereby developing its export services. The planning to develop the network of export logistics centers
of Cao Bang is gradually being consolidated and completed. Transport capacity, customs procedures and
export implementation are increasing day by day. Transport companies are growing stronger with a
wide range of vehicle types to meet the needs of goods transportation. As customs at border gates carry
out administrative reform, customs clearance procedures are simplified and processing time is fast.
Enterprises just need to push the electronic declaration file to be approved automatically in a quick time.
3.3.2.3. Results of the implementation of policy of investment promotion and export promotion
The policy of export investment and development has been well implemented by Cao Bang
province in recent years. Total investment of the entire society reached VND 10,120 billion, an increase
of VND76 billion, 8.12% higher than the plan, showing that the province has increased investment with
a higher level to complete the economic development policies. From unceasing investment, up to now,

Cao Bang has 293 projects with a total registered capital of over VND40,000 billion, of which 12
projects have foreign investment capital with a registered capital of over VND1,000 billion. Projects
have been brought into effect and attracted the attention of many domestic and foreign investors. The
province has gradually completed the construction of the cross-border economic cooperation zone of
Tra Linh (Vietnam) - Long Bang (China), upgrading Tra Linh border gate into an international border
gate, investing in Dong Dang (Lang Son) - Tra Linh (Cao Bang) expressway to give motivation to
economic development, making it convenient for export.
3.3.2.4. Results of the implementation of policy to develop products and the export market for the
province's products
From the survey results, it is clear that the diversification of the agricultural product portfolio is
rated the highest with 3.57/5 points. Thereby, Cao Bang has been implementing this policy quite
effectively and achieved many positive changes. High-tech agriculture is a field that receives attention
to develop strongly. Agricultural enterprises, farms, and other types of cooperative economies are also
interested in, promoting and replicating effective production models. The increase in market share in the
existing export market and the expansion in entering new export markets are quite effective and stable
(Increased market share in the existing export market reached 3/5 points; expansion level of new export
market penetration reached 3.14/5 points). In recent years, Cao Bang has been focusing on investing in
warehouse infrastructure such as goods warehouses, bonded warehouses, cold storage facilities and
goods circulation centers. Currently, Cao Bang has 32 warehouse investment projects in border gate
areas, of which 17 are in operation to provide various types of services for import and export.
3.3.2.5. Results of the implementation of policy on export tax administration and technical barriers
The organization of export tax administration has been implemented appropriately and
effectively. In recent years, under the close and active direction of the Party Committee, the Board of
Directors, Cao Bang Tax Department has directed the units to review businesses and individuals, put
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them into tax administration; continue to implement projects on state budget revenue for export
enterprises; urge and supervise the declaration and payment of taxes into the state budget on time,
strictly manage the tax code and the operation of enterprises, especially those engaged in export

activities. Tax rates for most export goods have been exempted, creating favorable conditions for export
enterprises to promote business and export development for the entire province.
The identification and updating of export technical and environmental barriers in recent years
have been carried out by Cao Bang with good results. The accurate forecasting of the development trend
of technical and environmental barriers is being performed relatively well by the province, from which
to make decisions to help businesses overcome barriers, anticipate upcoming difficulties to timely
improve export technology and environment, catch up with the trend of the export market, promote
export in the province. Communication of technical and environmental barriers to target customers is
being carried out by Cao Bang very closely and effectively.
3.3.2.6. Results of the implementation of policy to develop culture and identity to create brand images of
exported products and services
Cao Bang boasts its own outstanding cultural identity which is concretized in the policy
environment and the import-export management mechanism of the province. Cao Bang has always well
implemented the policy of preserving and promoting the long-standing cultural values of the highlands
province with a long history and traditional identity. This is also a distinct beauty, affirming the image of
Cao Bang in the eyes of domestic and international friends, thereby attracting domestic and foreign
investment here to produce and export. Cao Bang culture has a distinct identity, so the import-export
management mechanism also has its own identity. In recent years, the province's policies and
management agencies have always been imbued with Cao Bang's cultural identity. This is in line with
the province's policy in its export-oriented economic development policy, showing that Cao Bang has
well implemented the policy of cultural identity in the export management mechanism.
3.3.2.7. Results of economic development and export
The effectiveness of Cao Bang’s policy of export-oriented economic development is reflected in
the situation of development of GDP economic growth; export growth and customs clearance as well as
contribution of exports to GDP. Specifically, the economic growth rate from 2015 to 2020 reached an
average of 5.31%/year. The province's GDP in 2020 reached 4.91% despite the negative impacts of the
Covid-19 pandemic. Regarding export growth and customs clearance of goods in the period 2015 –
2020, in general, export and customs clearance of goods in this period were not really stable. The export
clearance value of Cao Bang as a whole had many fluctuations in the period 2015 – 2020, especially a
downward trend from 2017 - 2019. According to survey results, import-export turnover reached the

average point of 3.81 out of 5 points. During this period, exports also contributed significantly to the
GDP of Cao Bang province.
In addition, to evaluate specifically the effectiveness of the province’s policy of export-oriented
economic development in the period 2015-2020, we use some other criteria for the survey participants
to evaluate. In general, the policy's cost-effectiveness ratio and benefit-cost ratio are highly appreciated
with the average score of 3.59 and 3.79 out of 5 points, respectively. The province's policy net benefit
and investment return also achieved a high average score, showing that the policy of export-oriented
economic development has brought many positive results for economic development and export in the
province.
3.4. General assessment and some problems for the export-oriented economic development policy
of Cao Bang province in the coming time
3.4.1. Results and achievements
Firstly, regarding the policy of developing economic infrastructure and human resources, Cao
Bang has performed fairly well the development of border gate economic zone infrastructure, built
many IZs and EPZs with sizes and locations consistent with the actual plan of the province. Secondly,
the policy of developing services and improving the capacity for providing export services has also
achieved remarkable successes. Thirdly, regarding the policy of cultural identity development to create
the image, brand of products and services, Cao Bang’s cultural identity always have outstanding
distinctive features and have been successfully applied in policies and mechanisms of import and export
management to create its own brand for export products and services, thereby improving the value of
export products and services of the province. Fourthly, the policy of investment promotion and export
promotion of Cao Bang in recent years has achieved certain successes. Fifthly, the policy of product
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development and the export market of products in recent years of Cao Bang has also achieved
remarkable achievements. Sixthly, in recent years, Cao Bang province's administration has actively
advised on the development of mechanisms and policies, promoting cooperation with border localities.
Seventhly, mechanisms and policies create favorable conditions for the development of businesses,
especially exporters.

3.4.2. Shortcomings and limitations
Firstly, despite many achievements Cao Bang still lacks initiative in its foreign policy. Secondly,
a number of key targets as set have not yet been achieved. Typically, the economic structure's
transformation is still slow; agricultural goods production has not been developed, farmers still have the
habit of producing according to the old method, farms are small in number and small in scale; the new
model of cooperative has not been replicated. Thirdly, the infrastructure of the province is still limited,
not meeting the needs of socio-economic development, especially transportation infrastructure, wharves,
yards, warehouses to manage export goods. Fourthly, the province’s policy of investment in resources is
still uneven. Fifthly, administrative reform activities have not been thorough and effective; State
management in some areas is still weak. Sixthly, Cao Bang's border gate economic development
program is still limited. The progress of infrastructure construction investment in some items is still
slow due to lack of capital, problems in site clearance..., leading to schedule delays.
3.4.3. Causes of shortcomings and limitations
 Objective causes
Regarding the policy of developing economic infrastructure and human resources: Cao Bang
province has performed relatively well the development of border economic zone infrastructure, built
many industrial zones and economic zones with the scale and location suitable to the planning. province
reality. As of the end of 2020, there have been 31 projects built in EZs and industrial zones of Cao Bang,
of which 21 projects have been completed and put into use. Regarding the policy of developing services
and improving the capacity of providing export services: in recent years, Cao Bang province has also
achieved remarkable successes. The competitiveness and differentiation of export services is increasing
day by day, with the diversification of services, the quality and reliability of services are increasingly
improved, gaining the trust of the international community. manufacturing and exporting enterprises.
Regarding investment promotion and export promotion policies: Cao Bang province's investment
promotion and export promotion policies have achieved certain successes in recent years. Thanks to
innovation in policies, activities to attract investment, diversity in forms, contents, and programs, the
Management Board of border-gate economic zones and provincial industrial zones has expanded its
relationship with many agencies. various agencies and organizations, such as diplomatic missions,
associations, and the business community.
Regarding product development policy and export market of local products: policy of product

development and export market of products in recent years of Cao Bang province has also obtained
remarkable achievements. Thanks to the policy of selecting and deciding the list of local products and
exports, agricultural products and agricultural products are increasingly diversified, and products from
the mining industry are also increasingly diversified. Regarding tax management policy and export
technical barriers: In recent years, Cao Bang province has always updated and communicated tax
policies and technical barriers to export in a timely manner to related units under many conditions.
diverse and rich forms. Regarding the policy of developing culture and identity to create a brand image
of export products and services: Cao Bang has always had a distinctive and outstanding feature and has
been successfully applied in import-export management policies and mechanisms, creating a own brand
for Cao Bang's export products and services, enhance the value of export products and services of the
province, and promote the brand of export products and services to friends throughout the country and
internationally. , attracting investment to promote export for the province.
 Subjective causes
Regarding policies on economic infrastructure development and human resources: While the
level of material and technical infrastructure and technology of economic zones, industrial parks, export
processing zones and enterprises is being significantly improved. Notably, the level of organization,
material and technical infrastructure, and technology of households are still low, facing many difficulties
and limitations in the supply of raw materials and products for export. Regarding the policy of
developing services and improving the capacity of providing export services: currently, the quality of
services provided by Cao Bang province is gradually improving, but the degree of difference and
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diversification of This service is not high. Regarding investment promotion and export promotion
policies: In recent years, especially in the first 6 months of 2020, due to the COVID-19 epidemic
situation, activities to attract foreign investment, deploy projects ODA in Cao Bang province has not
met expectations.
Regarding product development policies and export markets for local products: Cao Bang is a
mountainous province, so the modern level of technical infrastructure and production technology is still
low, only meeting the standards of the province. basic today. Regarding tax management policy and

export technical barriers: According to the survey results on tax management policy and export technical
barriers of Cao Bang province, currently the solutions for import and export tax collection and refund
still have many limitations, have not been implemented synchronously and effectively, have not applied
many modern technologies to increase accuracy and save both human and material resources. Regarding
policies to develop culture and identity to create brand image of exported products and services:
Currently, the province's own and outstanding cultural identity has only been concretized in tourism
policies, not yet be concretized in the policy environment and import-export management mechanism.
3.4.4. Some problems for the export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province in
the coming time
Firstly, the technical infrastructure for export of Cao Bang currently is still weak. Secondly, in
order to develop human resource infrastructure, the province needs to have policies to encourage
recruitment and give priority to workers in the province after graduating from universities to work in the
province. Thirdly, the province should create differentiation in export services such as diversifying
service provision, with very high reliability, high service value, along with an appropriate price.
Fourthly, the province needs to diversify forms of promotion, investment promotion programs and
projects. Fifthly, Cao Bang needs to complete policies relating to import and export tax so that it can
both manage the tax liability of enterprises and have incentives to help promote export-oriented
business. Sixthly, the province pay attention to developing the grassroots culture, so that each Cao Bang
citizen has a sense of preserving that specific culture, and at the same time to develop culture and
identity in building a brand image of export products and services. Seventhly, Cao Bang needs to focus
on activities of inspection, supervision of the system, updating the legal system for policy participants as
well as businesses to ensure the effective implementation of the export-oriented economic development
policy of the province.
CHAPTER 4: SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PERFECTING THE EXPORTORIENTED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICY OF CAO BANG PROVINCE IN THE
PERIOD 2021 – 2025 WITH A VISION TO 2030
4.1. Analyzing the context, perspective and orientation to perfect the export-oriented economic
development policy of Cao Bang province in the period 2021 - 2025, with a vision to 2030
4.1.1. Influence of the international, regional and domestic context on the export-oriented economic
development policy of Cao Bang province
The world economy in 2019 witnessed many bleak fluctuations. From the trade conflict between

the world's two largest economies, the United States and China, to the global Covid-19pandemic, the
growth rate of many countries has slowed down. Regarding exports, the Vietnamese market continues to
expand in search of foreign partners. Thanks to the signing of new generation FTAs, Vietnamese goods
have been exported to more countries than in previous years. Howeve, in Vietnam's export
activitiesthere still exist some limitations, one of which is the level of market diversification of
agricultural and aquatic products is not high.
After the negative impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on export activities from Vietnam to the
world's second largest economic market - China, travel restrictions have gradually been removed ,
enabling trade activities at the border gates to prosper more and more. The Prime Minister has agreed to
restore the export market across the Vietnam - China border, specifically at border gates in Lang Son
and Quang Ninh provinces. Thanks to that, Vietnam's total merchandise export turnover to China has
reached USD32.53 billion in the first nine months of 2020, an increase of 15.12% over the same period
in 2019.
4.1.2. Orientation and goals of socio-economic development of Cao Bang province
4.1.2.1. Orientation and goals of socio-economic development of Cao Bang province in the period 2021
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– 2025 with a vision to 2030
General orientation of socio-economic development in general and export-oriented economic
development of Cao Bang province till 2025 with a vision to 2030 according to the following key
contents:
1. The above planning decision must be consistent with the socio-economic development
strategy of the whole country and the master plan on socio-economic development of the Northern
midlands and mountainous regions.
2. Economic development is fast but sustainable; economic restructuring is rational; improving
the efficiency of economic development to bring into play the advantages and strengths of each subregion of the province;
3. Strengthening linkages with Chinese provinces in the border areas and mountainous provinces
in the Northeast region to assist in economic development.
4. Along with economic development, attention must be paid to social justice; reducing the rate

of poor households; improving the people's material and spiritual lives; maintainingpolitical security of
the province and border areas.
4.1.2.2. Socio-economic development goals of Cao Bang province in the period 2021 - 2025, with a vision to
2030
Orienting Cao Bang’s development towards industrialization and modernization; improving
people's living standards; increasing per capita income; maintaining security and order in border areas
and ensuring that people's spiritual life is maintained and promoted.
Economy: The master plan for socio-economic development of Cao Bang province needs to be
concretized; Exploiting regional external relations, ensuring harmonious development between urban and
rural areas. By 2025: GRDP will grow at an average rate of 8%/year; Economic structure of agriculture,
forestry and fisheries 16.4%; Industry and construction 32.4%; Service 48.2%; Product tax minus product
subsidy3%.
4.1.3. Perspectives on orientation towards perfecting the export-oriented economic development
policy of Cao Bang province
Firstly, perfecting the export-oriented economic development policy to ensure it is suitable with
the context of socio-economic development and the actual conditions of Cao Bang province on the basis
of applying tools to analyze and manage the situation of formulating Cao Bang's export-oriented
economic development policy. Secondly, perfecting the export-oriented economic development policy
from the perspective and orientation to complete synchronously, unify and improve the capacity for
implementing departmental policies. Thirdly, perfecting the organizational system and resources for the
development and implementation of the export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang
province.
4.2. Some solutions to improve the efficiency of implementing the export-oriented economic
development policy of Cao Bang province in the period 2021 - 2025 with a vision to 2030
4.2.1. Solutions to implement policies to develop economic infrastructure and human resources
To implement this solution, Cao Bang needs to rationally allocate the infrastructure of border
gate EZs, IZs, EPZs so as to be most convenient for the development of each type. For example, EPZs
need to be near the source of raw materials for export processing to facilitate transportation and
management, border gate EZs are located near the border gates to develop services as well as facilitate
specific activities. The province needs to promote the development of synchronous planning of

economic infrastructure including border gate EZs, IZs, EPZs, infrastructure of enterprises including
state-owned enterprises, private enterprises, foreign enterprises and even households.
Actively investing in transportation, especially in remote and isolated areas, where traffic is still
difficult to promote traffic development and develop the economy evenly. Telecommunications
infrastructure needs to be actively planned to further develop the telecommunications network in the
province, increase the quantity and quality of updating market and commercial information for
economic development in a modern way 4.0. Human resource development policy is also a practical
issue that needs the province to develop solutions.
In order to develop human resource infrastructure, the province needs to have policies to
encourage recruitment and give priority to children in the province after graduating from universities to
work in the province. There should be policies on direct recruitment and priority recruitment. Children
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in the province have good academic achievements. In addition, promoting education, opening more
universities and colleges in the province to train human resources, then recruiting elite individuals to
important positions and key industries. Actively training to improve skills for unskilled workers to have
a better source of quality labor to serve economic development in the whole province.
4.2.2. Solutions to implement policies to develop services and improve capacity to provide services for export
In order to develop services and improve the capacity to provide export services, the province
needs to create differentiation in export services such as diversifying service provision with very high
reliability, high service value, along with a suitable price; promoting customer care activities such as
giving gifts, offering free accompanying services, handling problems as enthusiastically and quickly as
possible; improving the relationship between service providers and enterprises having export products
and demand for export services. The province needs to focus on developing a wide range of importexport services, suitable to the actual export situation in the province. Improving the capacity for
providing export services, stabilizing service quality, with increasing reliability in services. In addition,
there should be the construction of special warehouses dedicated to preserving export agricultural
products to ensure that the quality of export agricultural products does not change in quality during
storage, ensuring food hygiene and safety meet the increasingly stringent requirements of the market.
4.2.3. Solutions to implement policies on investment promotion and export promotion

In order for the investment promotion and export promotion policy to be implemented
effectively, Cao Bang should first perfect the investment and export promotion policy so that it is most
correct in terms of guidelines and methods. Complete mechanisms, solutions, and implementation of the
policy so as to have the best and most successful quality of implementing domestic and foreign
investment promotion as possible. The province needs an overall economic development at a faster and
sustainable pace, attracting more and more domestic and foreign partners to invest in the province,
maximizing export activities in the province, strengthening economic links between Cao Bang and
China and other provinces in the country. Importance should be attached to investing in the fields of
agriculture, mining industry, manufacturing processing industry oriented towards export, investment in
services, logistics, import-export services, transportation services to promote exports, with a vision to
2030, to develop evenly from production to export.
4.2.4. Solutions to implement policies to develop products and export markets for the province's products
Cao Bang should aim at smart agriculture and agriculture towards specialty goods associated
with processing and strong development of the border gate economy in order to develop products that
are diversified in quantity and quality. Exploiting and implementing drastically to increase the market
share of export products in existing markets and penetrate and expand new markets. For the domestic
market, products should be developed with a focus on meeting market demand in densely populated
areas, districts and towns – places with high income and high consumption. Creating and put a model of
stalls selling fresh agricultural products meeting hygiene standards in rural markets, with priority given
first to district markets and densely populated area markets,
4.2.5. Solutions to implement tax policies and ensure technical barriers to exports
Tax policy has a great influence on the promotion of the province’s exports. In order to
effectively implement tax administration policies, Cao Bang needs to perfect policies relating to import
and export tax so that it can both manage the tax liability of businesses and have incentives to help
promote export-oriented business. The province needs to diversify measures to propagate tax policies
and update businesses to understand; organize and implement appropriate and effective tax
management; have more accurate and cost-effective and efficient solutions to collect and remit import
and export taxes to the province and businesses to promote export-oriented investment for the province.
In general, the province needs to both strengthen the control of tax declaration, the State budget
revenue from taxes and have tax incentives for export enterprises to promote exports; continue to have

policies and countermeasures against export barriers. With a vision to 2030, there are many policies to
maximize the tax administration of the province and complete the policy of tax incentives for export
businesses to promote exports and investment.
4.2.6. Solutions to implement policies to develop culture and identity to create brand images of
exported products and services
In order to develop culture and identity in building the brand image of export products and
services, the province needs to set out policies to preserve and uphold Cao Bang culture, creating
distinctive and concretized features in the import and export management mechanism. It is necessary to
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perfect policies and mechanisms for export management to develop in the direction associated with the
development of Cao Bang culture and identity, and to enhance cultural values in the province's export
management policy. Create the unmistakable beauties of Cao Bang, attract investment and affirm the
brand name of export products and services. Focus on developing the grassroots culture, so that each
Cao Bang citizen has a sense of preserving that specific culture, breathing soul into the products and
services created by the people here so as to create a special, convincing brand and maintaining firmly
the position in the domestic and international markets, promoting export development for the whole
province.
4.2.7. Solutions to implement policies to raise awareness for participants in the implementation, business
community; strengthen communication; inspect and supervise the system, update the legal system
In order to effectively implement its export-oriented economic development of Cao Bang
province in the period 2021 - 2025 with a vision to 2030, Cao Bang province needs to focus on solutions
to implement policies to raise awareness for participants in the implementation, business community;
strengthen communication; inspect and supervise the legal update system. In particular, Cao Bang needs
to promote policy propaganda to people, businesses and other stakeholders to raise their awareness in
the process of participating in the implementation. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the dialogue
between the provincial management agencies and the participants in the implementation as well as the
business community. Especially, the province needs to focus on inspecting, updating the legal system for
policy participants as well as businesses.

4.3. Some recommendations to create an environment and conditions for the implementation of
the export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province in the period 2021 - 2025
with a vision to 2030
4.3.1. Recommendations to improve the legal system
Firstly, the State should perfect the legal system relating to export-oriented economic
development. Secondly, the State needs to continue to reform and renew the legal system to create a
driving force for export-oriented economic development, synchronously complete the legal system of
the market economy according to popular standards of the modernity market economy and international
integration. Thirdly, the State needs to promptly overcome weaknesses in economic law-making that
have existed for many years. Fourthly, improving the role of the State in the legal system is very
necessary. Fifthly, in law-making activities, especially economic law, it is necessary to study and absorb
the provisions of the laws of other countries, since for the problems that Vietnam is approaching the
international research community has discussed and settled by law in a satisfactory and scientific
manner. Sixthly, the State needs to study, review, amend and supplement all relevant legal provisions
such as the Law on Tax Administration, the Law on Customs, the Law on Intellectual Property, etc. and
documents guiding these laws. Seventhly, the State needs to perfect the law on macroeconomic
management tools including taxes, planning, quality standards, price management and tools to support
macro management such as statistics, transaction registration, property registration, results-oriented
standards and regulations and socio-economic efficiency, overall alignment, stability, simplicity and
transparency, contributing to the promotion of the economic development process, preventing loss and
waste of resources of the State and society. Eighthly, in order to implement the export-oriented
economic development policy of Cao Bang province more effectively, the legal system in general needs
to be transparent, non-discriminatory, and cause less difficulties for enterprises in export economic
activities.
4.3.2. Recommendations to improve the coordination mechanism in the central and local state
management systems
Firstly, the central and local state management system should attach importance to building
specific management mechanisms and policies, with reasonable, clear, quantifiable and measurable
goals; under a specific roadmap and clear delineation of responsibilities of stakeholders; transparent,
specific and updated information and reporting system so as to create an environment to implement the

export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province more effectively. Secondly, the
orientation and regulation of export economic activities of the province should be conducted through
clear and fair policies applicable to all sectors of the economy. Thirdly, the Government needs to perfect
policies for different types of enterprises of different economic sectors operating in the export economy
in the direction of encouraging healthy competition, creating favorable business position and fair
business conditions for all economic sectors. Fourth, the central state management system and Cao
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Bang province need to simplify the management mechanism to avoid the overlapping of responsibilities
and powers between agencies leading to irresponsibility and wastefulness, thereby reducing the
effectiveness of the province's export-oriented economic development policy. Fifthly, the central state
management system and Cao Bang province need to continue to improve mechanisms and policies to
attract investment capital for export-oriented economic development, paying attention to China's trade
and border trade policies to synchronize and harmonize trade, forwarding and transportation. Sixthly, the
central state management system and Cao Bang province should have a policy of mobilizing to the
maximum all resources to develop technical infrastructure; State budget sources only focus on
investment in public infrastructure (such as transport connections, warehouses...). Seventhly, the central
state management system and Cao Bang province need to promulgate mechanisms and policies to
encourage the association of the development of raw material areas with the production, processing and
export of agricultural, forestry and fishery products. Eighthly, the central state management system and
Cao Bang province need to issue policies on the basis of ensuring close relationships with partners,
connecting with manufacturers, importers, railway stations, bus stations, border gates, industrial zones
and concentrated commodity production zones, etc.Ninthly, Cao Bang province's state management
agencies needs to develop a long-term and stable cross-border export strategy, in which policiesfor
suitable products and export structure must be formulated. Tenthly, the central state management system
and Cao Bang province should have policies to encourage businesses of all economic sectors to
participate in, giving priority to processed products, agricultural, forestry and fishery products, and
domestically produced consumer goods, handicraft art articles; restrict the export of rare and raw
materials. Eleventhly, the central state management system and Cao Bang province need to formulate

and implement a policy to develop technical and social infrastructure for export activities, which should
be implemented synchronously to meet the current needs of service with taking into consideration the
possibility of long-term service in the future, towards a system of infrastructure works to meet the future
export requirements.
CONCLUSION
The focus of the thesis is on studying the export-oriented economic development policy of Cao
Bang province in recent years. First of all, we systematize the basic theoretical framework and lessons
of experience from the export-oriented economic development policy of a mountainous province in
Vietnam. Based on that, we create a model and hypotheses to study the export-oriented economic
development policy theory of the mountainous province. According to the model, the effectiveness of an
export-oriented economic development policy of a mountainous province is identified as the ultimate
goal of this policy, measured and evaluated through policies relating to export-oriented economic
development. Also, in this thesis, some experiences of export-oriented economic development policies
of some similar provinces and territories of other countries in the region are also studied in detail, from
which lessons for the mountainous province of Vietnam are drawn.
The current situation of the contents of the export-oriented economic development policy of Cao
Bang is analyzed and evaluated according to 06 related policies, namely: the policy to develop
economic infrastructure and human resources; policy to develope services and improve capacity for
providing export services; investment promotion and export promotion policies; product development
policy and product export market; tax management policies and export technical barriers; and policies to
develop culture and identity to create brand images of export products and services. Accordingly, the
actual situation and implementation results of the export-oriented economic development policy of Cao
Bang province are also analyzed in detail.
Based on that, weprovide general assessments and orientations to perfect the export-oriented
economic development policy of Cao Bang province. We point out strengths and advantages as well as
limitations and causes of limitations. On a whole, the formulation and implementation of the exportoriented economic development policy of Cao Bang over the past time has brought about many
remarkable achievements, contributing positively to the economic development and export of the
locality. This policyhowever still has certain limitations, significantly affecting the economic
infrastructure, human resources, services, capacity to provide export services... of the province, thereby
having a negative affect on the effectiveness of these policies.

Through the research results, we propose solutions to perfect the export-oriented economic
24


development policy of Cao Bang province in the coming time. On the basis of analyzing the domestic
and international context and the perspective on developing and implementing the export-oriented
economic development policy of Cao Bang province till 2030, the thesis proposes to complete the
export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province in the period 2021 - 2025 through
2030, in which, we propose to apply tools to analyze and manage the situation of formulating the
export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province; propose to establish the contents
of export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province; and propose to improve the
system of organizing the development of the export-oriented economic development policies of Cao
Bang province.
In addition, the thesis proposes implementation solutions and some recommendations to create
an environment for effective implementation of the export-oriented economic development policy of
Cao Bang province till 2030. Solutions to effectively implement the export-oriented economic
development of Cao Bang province till 2030 is developed according to 06 specific contents of the
export-oriented economic development policy. Some recommendations to improve the legal system and
improve the management policy mechanism of the central and local state management system.
On the whole, despite some certain limitations, we hope that the research results of this thesis
will bring positive values in both theory and practice, thereby making a significant contribution to the
economic development and export of Cao Bang province as well as improving the effectiveness of the
province's export-oriented economic development policy. In the future, we expect there will be more
extensive, deeper and more thorough studies on this topic so that the best results will be achieved,
contributing to the perfection of the export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang
province in particular and the mountainous provinces of Vietnam in general.

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